{"id":110052,"date":"2023-02-28T14:25:36","date_gmt":"2023-02-28T18:25:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/?p=110052"},"modified":"2024-03-01T16:52:04","modified_gmt":"2024-03-01T20:52:04","slug":"danbury-missionn-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-missionn-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/","title":{"rendered":"Danbury Mission Technologies &#8211; Creating an Optical Polisher"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Team<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Christopher Harriott<\/li>\r\n<li>Nugzari Khalvashi-Sutter<\/li>\r\n<li>Nabeel Mukhtar<\/li>\r\n<li>Jack Rollman<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mentors<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Dennis Briggs, Danbury Mission Technologies<\/li>\r\n<li>Professor Chris Muir<\/li>\r\n<li>Mike Pomerantz<\/li>\r\n<li>Jim Alkins<\/li>\r\n<li>Bill Mildenberger<\/li>\r\n<li>Chris Pratt<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstract<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Precision optics need more efficient, smaller machinery for polishing purposes. To achieve this, the team worked with Danbury Mission Technologies to create an optical polisher spindle with a fixed offset and a fixed gear ratio using two shafts with a planetary gear system to generate the desired motion. This was built with a series of requirements and specifications to make sure the customer and producers are in lockstep. The design process included each member creating an independent design and simulation for said design to test its validity. These designs were then compared through a Pugh Matrix, with the highest grade selected. A full set of designs and drawings were created, and the final design was converted into a full-scale CAD model using NX. Mechanical analysis was done to see if the design meets the previously mentioned requirements and specifications \u2013 those being: motion analysis, fundamental analysis, fatigue analysis, material selection, bearing analysis, fastener torque analysis, tolerance analysis, contact stress analysis, and housing optimization.\u00a0 The CAD model was then machined to create a functional physical prototype along with a technical report and a theory of operation manual, per the customer\u2019s requested deliverables. The estimation of cost, which included the parts, shop time, and team manufacturing time, was $9,593 and the estimated development time was 582 hours, making labor costs $58,200. The total cost then comes to $67,793.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133532\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133532\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/image-20230426-202825-947918be\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133532\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133532\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-225x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-1200x1600.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-1980x2640.jpeg 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-scaled.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133532\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Final Product<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Problem Definition<\/h2>\r\n<p>Precision optical components often require specialty polishing procedures to achieve desired optical properties. One of the cutting-edge business areas of Danbury Mission Technologies involves manufacturing high-precision optical components for aerospace and defense purposes. Specialty polishing procedures developed at Danbury often require specialized tools that are not readily available on the market.<\/p>\r\n<p>The goal of this project is to design an interchangeable, fixed offset, fixed gear-ratio eccentric tool spindle for gravity-loaded optical polishing procedures. This spindle will be used to create a specified local motion pattern on an optic and will be attached to a Computer Controlled Optical Surfacing machine to guide global motion along the optic. A successful spindle design will implement a small, lightweight mechanical assembly that can be rapidly exchanged, minimizing manufacturing downtime on the machining floor at Danbury.\u00a0 This will, in effect, improve the production rate and quality of their precision optics.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>Requirements, Specifications, and Deliverables<\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 1<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Requirements<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 750px; height: 200px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Requirement<\/th>\r\n<th>Description<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1<\/td>\r\n<td>Lightweight, small, and few components<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<td>Compatibility with Danbury Optics Spindle Tools<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td>Ability to attach and detach to the motor output shaft<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>The requirements for the system are to be lightweight, small, and have few components, to ensure compatibility with existing Danbury optical spindle tools, and for the spindle to attach and detach to the motor output shaft. To save space on the machining floor at Danbury, the goal is to create a lightweight and small machine. Requirement 2 is included to ensure usability between this system and existing Danbury technologies. Likewise, requirement 3 is added to accommodate for different spindles on the machine&#8217;s motor.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 2<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Specifications<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 750px; height: 105px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Specification<\/th>\r\n<th>Description<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1<\/td>\r\n<td>Must fit within 16&#8243; height x 6&#8243; diameter space envelope<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<td>Must be functional at rotational speeds up to 500 rpm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td>Must be functional at torques up to 5 Nm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td>Must be able to change out spindles within 30 minutes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5<\/td>\r\n<td>The tool interface must incorporate a size of 3\/8&#8243;-16 thread to a 1\/4&#8243;-20 thread<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6<\/td>\r\n<td>A minimum factor of safety of 5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>7<\/td>\r\n<td>Must be usable in a corrosive environment (&lt;3 or &gt;11 pH)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>8<\/td>\r\n<td>Must withstand up to 10 lbf of downward pressure from gravity-based forces<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>9<\/td>\r\n<td>Fixed offset radius of (0.5 +\/- 0.01\u201d)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>10<\/td>\r\n<td>A fixed gear ratio of eccentric to on-axis rotation (motor output shaft) (40 +\/- 5%)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>11<\/td>\r\n<td>Total system weight of less than 200 lbf<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>12<\/td>\r\n<td>Less than 200 components<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>The specifications for the project are for the system to fit within a space envelope, remain functional under varying speeds and forces, not corrode, have a fixed gear ratio and offset, have a specific weight and number of components, specific change-out time, and a singular tool interface. Each of these specifications is measurable and can be tested with a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) inspection, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), or a physical test.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 3<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Deliverables<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"width: 750px; height: 200px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Deliverable<\/th>\r\n<th>Description<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1<\/td>\r\n<td>CAD model<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<td>Prototype Optical Polisher<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td>Technical Report<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td>Theory of Operation Manual<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Concepts<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>For the project, each team member generated a concept of one potential design. These concepts included a sketch and a motion analysis, which were used, among other factors, to determine the feasibility of each design.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Concept #1<\/strong><\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-122662\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"207\" \/><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122672\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122672\" style=\"width: 257px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-122672 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"257\" height=\"234\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122672\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 1.<\/span> Sketch of key components in front view (top) and bottom view (bottom) of Design 1.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The first concept, shown in Figure 1, uses a shaft attached to the motor, which runs at the lower offset rotational speed. The shaft connects to an offset through a fixed constraint. The offset has a bearing that the secondary shaft revolves around, creating the on-axis rotation. A gearing system drives the main shaft through the offset shaft, the intent of which is to create the desired motion pattern.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122712\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122712\" style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-122712 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"260\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122712\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 2.<\/span> Goal motion. The top has a revolute joint that is driven at 300 rpm and the middle joint is a revolute joint with a driver at 500 rpm, creating the pattern of motion of a point on the tool tip that is desired.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122712\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122712\" style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-122712\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"260\" height=\"300\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122712\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 3.<\/span> Kinematic analysis results. The top is a revolute joint given a spin of 300 rpm, which is connected to a second axis using a bearing and a gear mechanism. The gears are two coupled revolute joints given an appropriate spin. The motion tracing only creates spin from the main axis instead of secondary rotation, and thus fails the analysis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>When performing a kinematic motion analysis of this design, the desired motion is not created. The analysis uses a revolute joint with a rotation driver at 300 rpm to test the maximum rotational speed case for 500 rpm after the gear, which translates to the shaft through two revolute joints that are coupled as a gear, and a joint that is modeled with a bearing. However, this model creates a single rotational motion, instead of a dual rotation body. The path of movement of a point on the tooltip is shown in Figure 2, compared to the ideal case of motion, shown in Figure 3. No dynamic analysis was performed because the model failed in kinematic analysis. Therefore, this concept is not a contender to dictate motion, although other aspects of the frame and housing proposals are to be considered for the final design.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Concept #2<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122742\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122742\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-122742\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture6-300x158.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture6-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture6-1024x540.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture6-768x405.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture6.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122742\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 4.<\/span> Preliminary drawing of potential concept. It consists of a planetary gear set at a 1:1 ratio and a gear roller set at a 1:0.6 ratio. A 300-rpm motor spins the sun gear causing the planetary gear to spin in the opposite direction. This gear has a shaft attached using a bearing to allow free movement, which connects to a smaller gear at a 0.6:1 ratio, causing the gear to move in the opposite direction at the desired 500 rpm. The assembly spins at 300 rpm clockwise, while the tip spins at 500 rpm counterclockwise.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"mceTemp\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<p>The second concept, shown in Figure 4, consists of a planetary gear set at a 1:1 ratio and a gear roller set at a 0.6:1 ratio. It functions by having a 300-rpm motor spin on the sun gear in the planetary gear set, causing the planetary gear to spin in opposite direction. This gear would have a shaft attached using a bearing to allow free movement. This shaft connects to a smaller gear that would be at a 0.6:1 ratio, causing the gear to move in the opposite direction at the desired 500 rpm. This would allow the entire assembly to spin at 300 rpm clockwise, while the tip spins at 500 rpm counterclockwise.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122752\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122752\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-122752\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture7-300x159.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture7-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture7.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122752\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 5.<\/span> Motion analysis on NX of concept. Made up of revolute sun gear that is driven to 300 rpm that is coupled to a 1:1 ratio planetary gear. This planetary gear then has a shaft connected to it that has a roller with an inner ring along the outer perimeter. This is set to a 0.6:1 gear ratio, causing the speed of the tip to increase to 500 rpm from 300 rpm using friction along the secondary ring.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>To make the simulation, shown in Figure 5, work as it would in the real world, friction is required on the second (lower) internal ring. Practically, friction will exist in the environment, allowing the roller in the second internal ring gear to rotate at the desired 500 rpm using a bearing that would be in the center of the upper planetary gear. This concept fits all requirements set by the customer and has a positive value in the criteria for the Pugh Matrix table.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Concept #3<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-122822\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture8-300x285.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture8-300x285.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture8.png 491w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122832\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122832\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-122832 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture9-300x181.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture9-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture9.png 597w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 6.<\/span> Preliminary sketch of key components with labels with rotation speeds and directions. The X and O refer to what type of connection is between two components. This sketch is a side view and is not drawn to scale. The 300-rpm transmission is indicated by the orange lines. The 500-rpm transmission is indicated by the green lines. The squiggles indicate tapered bearings which served as an initial idea for constraints. This culminates in the tooltip rotating at 500 rpm and the fixture moving in a circular path at 300 rpm.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The third concept, shown in Figure 6, incorporates two gears, four sprockets, and two chains to generate and position two different transmissions for the test fixture. This concept uses a motor operating at 500 rpm and one shaft which connects the motor to a sprocket and a gear. The sprocket transfers power to another sprocket through a chain and on a 1:1 ratio. The second sprocket is connected to a third sprocket through a driveshaft which transfers power again through a chain to a fourth sprocket. The fourth sprocket acts as the fixed offset and connects to the tooltip through a shaft. This is highlighted in green as the 500-rpm rotational speed. The gear, either helical or spur, turns a larger gear which reduces the rotation speed of that section at a 1:0.6 ratio. The larger gear is connected to a shaft that extends through the driveshaft and extends out at an \u201cL-shape\u201d with an additional extrusion at the end and converts into housing around the tooltip and fourth sprocket. This is highlighted in orange as the 300-rpm rotational speed by which the tooltip follows.<\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-122842\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture10-216x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"216\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture10-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture10.jpg 623w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122852\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122852\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-122852\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture11-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture11-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture11.jpg 580w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122852\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 7.<\/span> Preliminary physical model of the sketch from Figure 6. The image at the top is a side view and the image at the bottom is an angled top view. The cardboard circles indicate the 300 rpm transmission and the black circles with white string and green pipe cleaners indicate the 500 rpm. Duct tape was used to constrain the materials like the sketch from Figure 8. This physical model works with two different rotation speeds.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>This concept was evaluated as a physical model, shown in Figure 7, which worked to show the two different transmissions generated at the same time. The proof of concept is shown with the existence of the physical model. It is unknown if the rotational speeds can reach 300- and 500 rpm but there are two different transmissions that match the directions of the required product as laid out by Danbury. Due to this, this design is positive in the design matrix and stands as a reasonable option to be the final design.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Concept #4<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122872\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122872\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-122872\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture12-300x228.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"228\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture12-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture12.png 427w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122872\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 8.<\/span> Design similar to planetary gears set with one planet. Motion bodies include an \u201cL-shaped\u201d arm, planet gear, and an internal gear, colored in orange, green and brown, respectively.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The fourth concept, shown in Figure 8, incorporates a planetary gear set design with one planet. An \u201cL-shaped\u201d arm attached to the motor output shaft rotates in a counterclockwise direction with angular velocity. A planet gear is attached to a second shaft, going through the hole on the \u201cL-shaped\u201d arm. The hole on the \u201cL-shaped\u201d arm is located at some radial distance away from the motor shaft, defining the offset. The position of the hole on the \u201cL-shaped\u201d arm generates a circular pass with an offset from the motor axis during the operation. Planet gear stays in contact with the spindle housing that has an internal gear and therefore rotates in a clockwise direction. The angular velocity of the planet gear is determined based on the difference in pitch diameters of the planet and internal gears.<\/p>\r\n<p>As proof of concept, kinematic analysis has been performed on a simplified CAD model. Figure 8 displays three motion bodies: (1) an \u201cL-shaped\u201d arm, (2) planet gear, and (3) an internal gear, colored in orange, green, and brown, respectively. Body (1) is constrained with a revolute joint and only allows rotation about the Z axis and is modeled with a driver set to 300 rpm. Another revolute joint is placed between (2) and (1) to allow the shaft to rotate freely inside the hole. (3) is fixed in six degrees of freedom. The curve on curve constraint with Lock Slip has been placed between (2) and (3).<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122882\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122882\" style=\"width: 281px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-122882\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture13-281x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture13-281x300.png 281w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture13.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 281px) 100vw, 281px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122882\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 9.<\/span> A trace of a point is placed on the edge of the tooltip.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The results of the simulation confirmed the desired motion of the spindle. A trace of the arbitrary point placed on the simulated tooltip is displayed in Figure 11 of Appendix E. Iterations of the design were computed using different diameters of the planet gear to find the corresponding rotation of the tooltip and the relationship between planet diameter and the rotation of the tooltip was calculated to find the desired gear size. This trend is shown in Figure 10.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122912\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122912\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-122912\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture14-300x241.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture14-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture14.png 454w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122912\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 10.<\/span> Relationship between planet diameter and \u03c9_tool. The assumptions adopted in the simulation include a 300-rpm driver on an \u201cL-shaped\u201d arm and a fixed 0.5-inch offset.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Concept Selection:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>To select the concepts, a Pugh Matrix \u2013 shown in Table 1 \u2013 was created to evaluate how well the concepts solve the problem. The first category for the Pugh Matrix is the number of major components, evaluating the relative complexity of the design, and aiming to fulfill Requirement 1. Next is the performance in the preliminary analysis, used to determine the ability of these designs to demonstrate success. After, a general reflection on the ability of these designs to meet requirements and specifications in their preliminary form, with or without minor modifications, is considered. Lastly, the ability to machine or acquire parts that will be used in the physical prototype is factored in to evaluate how feasible the machine is to make.<\/p>\r\n<p>For the Pugh Matrix, the designs are compared to the existing technology at Danbury. From the estimations provided, these machines have a footprint of roughly 30 inches tall by 16 inches in diameter, a payload of approximately 500 lbm, and hundreds more components than the specifications of this project.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 4<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Pugh Matrix for Concepts<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 660px;\" width=\"750\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"78\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Baseline<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"42\">\r\n<p><strong>1<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"42\">\r\n<p><strong>2<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"42\">\r\n<p><strong>3<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"36\">\r\n<p><strong>4<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>Number of Major Components<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"78\">\r\n<p>0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"36\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>Preliminary Analysis Performance<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"78\">\r\n<p>0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"36\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>Meets Requirements and Specifications<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"78\">\r\n<p>0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"36\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>Ability to Machine and Acquire Parts<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"78\">\r\n<p>0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"36\">\r\n<p>+<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"102\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Total:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">\r\n<p>0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"42\">\r\n<p>0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+2<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"42\">\r\n<p>+1<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"36\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>+4<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Based on the Pugh Matrix in Table 4, design concept 4 is the best case. This design passes basic kinematic analysis and creates the desired motion patterns while meeting requirements and specifications. Similarly, this design allows room for improvement to improve the function, while still exceeding the baseline design in each category of the Pugh Matrix. While concepts 2 and 3 have positive scores, concept 4 meets and exceeds the goals for the concept stage of the project.<\/p>\r\n<p>However, aspects of each design have been incorporated into the final model. For instance, the offset plate with the bearing on the eccentric shaft, as described in concept 1, is used to control the rotation mechanism adopted from the final concept 4.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Final Concept<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_124272\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-124272\" style=\"width: 287px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/1-21\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124272\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-124272 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/1-287x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"287\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/1-287x300.png 287w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/1-768x802.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/1.png 785w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 287px) 100vw, 287px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-124272\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 11.<\/span> CAD model of final concept<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The final concept is based on concept 4, as that best matches the criteria set by the Pugh matrix. A picture of the concept is above.\u00a0 Parts required for this concept are a motor to spin the main shaft, two shafts, features to control the fixed offset, and a planetary gear system used to create a 40% gear reduction.<\/p>\r\n<p>The internal components are housed inside of an aluminum cylinder, bored with different cross sectional areas to allow for a bearing and a ring gear to fit inside it.\u00a0 The housing is supported by a plate on top which holds the product together with screw inserts and has a groove to locate and support the motor. Beneath the housing, a plate on the bottom is designed to protect the internals from the slurry used when polishing along with glass that would break off the surface. The bottom plate allows for a bearing to be press fit between the plate and the housing. The bottom plate also has a hole for the main shaft, which extends from the motor, through the gear, out the bottom plate, and has a threaded end that is bolted onto the bottom plate. Additionally, the bottom plate has another bearing in it to allow for the rotation of the offset shaft.<\/p>\r\n<p>To control the fixed offset, a plate will be developed that has have two holes, one for each shaft, milled into it. The main shaft is press fit into it, while the eccentric shaft will be fit into a bearing. This will allow the secondary shaft to move in a different direction than the motor input, enabling the eccentric rotation of the offset shaft for the tool. The second shaft will also hold the planetary gear that will create the specified gear reduction.\u00a0 The bottom bearing\u2019s purpose is to allow free movement of the bottom plate so that it can move with the tool tip.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>Mechanical Analysis<\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Motion Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Specification 10 of the system asks to create a 40% gear reduction from eccentric to on axis rotation. Likewise, Specification 2 indicates that the system must be stable at a maximum rotational speed of 500 rpm. Merging these two specifications, the offset shaft must be spinning at 500 rpm, so the motor shaft should be spinning at a 40% reduction, or 300 rpm. To determine whether the mechanism used in this system could create a motion that meets these specifications, a motion analysis must be conducted. Likewise, the performance of the motion analysis was used to determine the appropriate size of the gears in the system. Due to the size constraints given by Danbury, the size of the gears had to be appropriate to get the desired gear reduction.\u00a0 In the simulations, the gear sizes were varied to test different relationships and different gear ratios, as shown in Fig 10. Once the gear size necessary to create the desired ratio was discovered, the housing was shaped in a manner to allow the gears to be inserted and press fit in. Another set of motion analysis was performed to check if the gear ratio would remain true in the full product\u2019s simulation.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>This simulation was conducted using the NX motion analysis package, where a driver was placed on the motor shaft at 300 rpm which has the motion transferred to the shaft coupler, main shaft, offset plate, secondary shaft, and planetary gear. The setup of the analysis is shown in the video below. Additionally, the plots created in NX from the simulation \u2013 also shown in Fig. 12 \u2013shows that those motions were possible within the design and fulfils Specification 10, proving the gear ratio.<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"width: 1062px;\" class=\"wp-video\"><video class=\"wp-video-shortcode\" id=\"video-110052-1\" width=\"1062\" height=\"575\" preload=\"metadata\" controls=\"controls\"><source type=\"video\/mp4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/movie2.mp4?_=1\" \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/movie2.mp4\">https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/movie2.mp4<\/a><\/video><\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_122992\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-122992\" style=\"width: 402px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-122992\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture18-300x159.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"402\" height=\"213\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture18-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Picture18.png 540w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 402px) 100vw, 402px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-122992\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 12. Motion analysis of the system. The figure on the left shows a model of the analysis set with appropriate motion bodies and joints to model the spindle. The rotation of the tool tip about the main shaft, in the upper right figure, is 300 rpm, and the rotation of the eccentric shaft, in the lower right figure, is at 500 rpm in the opposite direction.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Fundamental Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>One fundamental mechanical issue relates to the torsional stress in the rotating main shaft. The maximum shear stress occurs at the outer radius of the tube, as that is the farthest distance and thus has the most deflection. To calculate the maximum shear stress in a rotating solid tube, find the polar moment of inertia, J, equal to<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-221458\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124302\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124302\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221458-300x29.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"29\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221458-300x29.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221458.png 342w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>where c is the outer radius of the cylinder. In this case, c is equal to 1\/8\u201d. \u00a0Solving Eqn. (AA),<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-221551\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124312\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124312\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221551-300x31.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"31\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221551-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221551.png 345w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The torsional stress is equal to<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-221710\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124322\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124322\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221710-300x29.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"29\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221710-300x29.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221710.png 343w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>where T is the applied torque. Using specification 3, the maximum torque case is 5 N*m, or 44.25 lbf*in using imperial units. Solving for this use case,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-221802\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124332\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124332\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221802-300x28.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"28\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221802-300x28.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-221802.png 348w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>the torsional stress is equal to 14.4 ksi.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Fatigue Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_124342\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-124342\" style=\"width: 701px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-222255\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124342\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-124342\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-222255-300x287.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"701\" height=\"671\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-222255-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-222255.png 738w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-124342\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 13.<\/span> Matlab Code for fatigue analysis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>This product will be used for long periods of time in a constant, repetitive motion to spin a tool tip along the surface of an optic for polishing.\u00a0 Therefore, fatigue analysis is conducted to compute the endurance limit of the main steel shaft. The MATLAB code used to perform the fatigue analysis is attached in Figure 13.<\/p>\r\n<p>The fatigue analysis of a ferrous material is performed using surface modification factors to an initial estimate. The initial estimate, S<sub>e<\/sub>\u2019, can be approximated as half of the ultimate stress for ultimate stresses less than 200 ksi. In this case, the ultimate stress of the shaft \u2013 made up of 18-8 Stainless Steel \u2013 is 70 ksi, so S<sub>e<\/sub>\u2019 can be approximated as 35 ksi. The endurance limit, S<sub>e<\/sub>, is modified from this initial estimate using<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-223926\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124452\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124452\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-223926-300x17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"17\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-223926-300x17.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-223926.png 343w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>where each k term is a different modification factor.<\/p>\r\n<p>The surface condition modification factor, k<sub>a<\/sub>, depends on the surface finish by the relationship,<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-224033\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124472\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124472\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224033-300x17.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"17\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224033-300x17.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224033.png 342w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>For cold-drawn steel, a is equal to 2.70 ksi, and the exponent b is equal to -0.265, so in this case, k<sub>a<\/sub> equates to 0.8758.<\/p>\r\n<p>The size factor, k<sub>b<\/sub>, depends on the loading case and the diameter of the shaft. In this case, the shaft is acting in torsion and has a circular diameter of 0.25\u201d, so the corresponding size factor is<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-224247\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124532\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124532\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224247-300x30.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224247-300x30.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224247.png 342w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>where d is the diameter of the shaft, leading to an interesting result, as the diameter of the shaft is less than 0.3 inches, so the size modification factor is greater than 1, and in this case, computes to 1.0197.<\/p>\r\n<p>The loading factor, k<sub>c<\/sub>, evaluates how the sample is loaded, and is equal to 0.59 because the shaft experiences torsion from the motor. The temperature factor, k<sub>d<\/sub>, accounts for how the sample behaves depending on surrounding temperature and is equal to 1 because the system will operate around room temperature (~70 \u00b0F). The reliability modification factor, k<sub>d<\/sub>, accounts for data scatter. This analysis assumes a 99.99% reliability, to provide additional safety in the calculations and a very conservative estimate for fatigue limits. The last factor, k<sub>f<\/sub>, accounts for miscellaneous effects that may lower the fatigue of the system and is set equal to 1.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_124552\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-124552\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/2-19\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124552\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-124552\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2-300x225.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2-1200x900.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2.png 1400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-124552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 14.<\/span> Fatigue Analysis for Main Shaft. The operating point is the yellow asterisk in the left corner, and is below the failure lines for both the Modified Goodman and Soderberg failure criteria, indicating that the shaft has infinite life when evaluated with either condition.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The results of the fatigue analysis are plotted in Figure 14. When observing both failure criteria \u2013 Soderberg and Modified Goodman \u2013 the fatigue analysis shows that the shaft has an infinite life. For a midrange stress of 14,400 psi \u2013 calculated from the fundamental analysis \u2013 and an alternating stress of 2000 psi, the operating point is far below the fatigue limit. The loads on the shaft are minimal, as the shaft supports little weight at a relatively slow rotational speed, and fatigue analysis indeed confirms that the shaft would be able to withstand the constant motion applied to it.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Material Selection<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>In the optical grinding process, a slurry is used as the abrasive.\u00a0 The slurry can range from 3 to 11 in pH but will most often be in an acidic environment.\u00a0 To avoid any liquids getting inside the drivetrain system and affecting the performance of the product, needed to be watertight to avoid liquid getting inside the machinery, economical, and resistant to corrosion and rust. \u00a0A material that fits these needs is aluminum, so the outer housing is all made of an aluminum cylinder that was machined down to match the design produced in CAD.\u00a0 The gearing in the product was 3D printed using ABS plastic due to its quick production time and accuracy being better than what could be produced at the university out of aluminum or steel.\u00a0 There is discussion that the customer may remove the 3D printed gears and replace them with machined steel gears.\u00a0 Another goal with the material selection was to keep the weight low, as the currently used polishing end is over 200 pounds.\u00a0 The customer recommended aiming for a final weight below 20 lbf. The final product has a weight far below both the 200 lbf specification and the 20 lbf recommendation, where the final product weighs 9.5 lbf.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Bearing Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>This design incorporates two bearings, a needle bearing and a roller bearing, both of which are aligned to the offset shaft to allow for eccentric rotation. For a bearing, the cataloged load limit will cause failure at 10<sup>6<\/sup> revolutions. However, this must be recomputed for the desired lifespan of the shaft. The rating load modification is computed by equating,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-224747\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124592\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124592\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224747-300x36.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"36\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224747-300x36.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-224747.png 342w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>where F<sub>R<\/sub> is the rated load, F<sub>D<\/sub> is the desired load, L<sub>R<\/sub> is the rated number of revolutions, L<sub>D<\/sub> is the desired number of revolutions, and a is an exponential factor, equal to 3 for ball bearings and 10\/3 for roller bearings. The computation for the roller bearing on the offset shaft is shown in Figure 14.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_124712\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-124712\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-225723\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124712\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-124712 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225723-300x132.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225723-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225723.png 727w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-124712\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 14.<\/span> Bearing analysis completed using Matlab<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>In this case, the rated load correction is to be solved for, the desired load that the shaft will support is 20 lbf, the desired life is 6,240 hours \u2013 three 8-hour shifts daily for five days a week over the course of a year \u2013 with the rating life of 10<sup>6 <\/sup>revolutions, at a rotational speed of 500 rpm, Eqn. 9 modifies to,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-225247\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124662\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124662\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225247-300x39.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"39\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225247-300x39.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225247.png 344w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>plugging in the actual values for this case, the rating load equates to,<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-225358\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124672\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124672\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225358-300x57.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"57\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225358-300x57.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-225358.png 343w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>which is equal to 96.1 lbf. The rating load for the bearing in static loading is 260 lbf and in dynamic loading is 360 lbf. Therefore, the adjusted load is less than the cataloged rating, indicating that the bearing will not fail.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Contact Stress Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>In this system, the rotation of the eccentric shaft is achieved with the use of a gear set, consisting of internal and planetary gear. According to the specifications, the spindle must be able to operate at torques up to N-m at the tooltip, with a minimum factor of safety of 5. Contact stress analysis is essential for determining the safety and reliability of the gear system for this application.<\/p>\r\n<p>To predict failure of gears due to excessive stress, we completed a contact stress analysis on gear teeth, with two material options: Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic, and AISI 4140 Steel. Manufacturing gears using AISI 4140 Steel for the prototype was not possible at the University of Rochester machine shops, and sourcing a custom set of gears from a third party is costly and time consuming. Due to this, with approval from the project sponsor, we manufactured both gears for the initial prototype using ABS plastic on 3-D printers available on campus. The setup of the Finite Element Model (FEM) used to complete the analysis is displayed in Figure 15, and includes information about gear geometries, meshing, and boundary conditions used to simulate loading and constraints.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128292\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128292\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-04-34-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128292\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-128292 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.04.34-PM-300x234.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"234\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.04.34-PM-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.04.34-PM.png 467w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128292\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 15:<\/span> FEM Model Setup AISI 4140 Steel (Original Geometry) with 0.005 inch mesh element.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128412\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128412\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-06-53-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128412\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-128412 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.06.53-PM-300x252.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.06.53-PM-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.06.53-PM.png 467w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128412\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 16:<\/span> Von Mises stress distribution in AISI 4140 Steel model (Original Geometry) with 0.005 inch mesh element.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The contact stress analysis on gear teeth was done using Siemens NX CAD software. To simplify the analysis, and reduce computation time, only a portion of both planet and internal gears were used during the analysis. Based on the maximum torque value required to be delivered at the tool, a \u00a0N-m torque was applied to the inner face of the planet gear in FEM setup. Since planet gear is pressed onto eccentric shaft, and only a portion of the gear is used during the analysis, a Rigid Body Element Type 2 (RBE2) was created to simulate load transfer from the eccentric shaft to the gear without deformations. RBE2 connects 3 faces of the planet gear to the point coincidental with the arc center of the gear. The point was constrained in 5 degrees of freedom allowing revolute motion about the axis of the shaft. The outside surface of the internal gear is fixed in all six degrees of freedom. To improve the accuracy of analysis results, a convergent study was done with incrementally refined mesh size. This was done to confirm that the results of the simulation are not dependent on the mesh size. For smaller mesh sizes (&lt;0.005 in ) however computation time was still significant, and it was decided that it would be impractical to continue the iteration process given the time constraint of this project. In this report, the maximum reported stress values were obtained from a convergence study with 30% or less between iterations. Percent difference values reported in consequent tables are calculated based on:<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-24-230117\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-124742\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-124742\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-230117-300x55.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"55\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-230117-300x55.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-24-230117.png 345w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>For the set of gears made from AISI 4140 Steel, with a modulus of elasticity of \u00a0GPa, yield strength of \u00a0MPa, and ultimate tensile strength of \u00a0MPa [2], small displacements and linear deformations are assumed. NX Nastran Solution 101: Linear Statics has been used to analyze contact stress on gear teeth. The results of the simulation do not account for dynamic effects that may occur during the operation. Table 5 displays the maximum Von Mises stress values obtained from the simulation. As can be seen in Figure 17, the maximum stress value appears at a point on the planet gear along the sharp contact edge between two gears. It is interesting to note that the stress distribution at other locations is significantly lower. Points of high-stress concentration can lead to increased wear and premature surface damage along the area of contact over time. Furthermore, in the case of premature wear, the deformation of the gear teeth can lead to increased vibrations in the system, which in the case of this application would not be acceptable. In addition, as can be seen from Table 5, maximum stress values fail to converge with reduces mesh size elements. Due to this, the geometry of the gear set was altered in an attempt to eliminate high-stress concentrations. \u00a0<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128432\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128432\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-16-27-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128432\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128432\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.16.27-PM-300x252.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.16.27-PM-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.16.27-PM.png 467w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 17:<\/span> Von Mises stress distribution in AISI 4140 Steel planet gear with 0.005 inch mesh element.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128442\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128442\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-17-12-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128442\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128442\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.17.12-PM-300x252.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.17.12-PM-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.17.12-PM.png 467w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128442\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 18:<\/span> Von Mises stress distribution in AISI 4140 Steel internal gear with 0.005 inch mesh element.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 5<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stress Results of AISI 4140 Steel\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 822px;\" width=\"749\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"345\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>SOL 101: Linear Statics<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"345\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>AISI 4140 Steel<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p><strong>Element Size [in]:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p><strong>Max Stress [MPa]<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"66\">\r\n<p><strong>% Change<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"37\">\r\n<p><strong>FS<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>0.050<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>143.50<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"66\">\r\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"37\">\r\n<p>7.11<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>0.040<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>170.26<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"66\">\r\n<p>17.06%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"37\">\r\n<p>5.99<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>0.030<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>207.75<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"66\">\r\n<p>19.84%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"37\">\r\n<p>4.91<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>0.020<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>198.27<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"66\">\r\n<p>4.67%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"37\">\r\n<p>5.14<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>0.010<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>273.69<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"66\">\r\n<p>31.96%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"37\">\r\n<p>3.73<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>0.005<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"121\">\r\n<p>347.91<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"66\">\r\n<p>23.88%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"37\">\r\n<p>2.93<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Taking initial results into consideration, the model setup has been changed and contact stress analysis was repeated. In the revised setup, internal gear geometry was modified to match the height of the planet gear, to eliminate high-stress concentration points along a sharp contact edge between two gears. Model setup can be seen in Figure 19. Table 6 displays the maximum Von Mises stress values obtained from the updated simulation.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128462\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128462\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-20-35-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128462\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-128462 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.20.35-PM-300x252.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.20.35-PM-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.20.35-PM.png 467w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128462\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 19<\/span>: FEM Model Setup AISI 4140 Steel (Updated Geometry) with 0.006 inch mesh element.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 6<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stress Results of AISI 4140 Steel (Updated Geometry)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table width=\"347\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"347\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>SOL 101: Linear Statics<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"347\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>AISI 4140 Steel<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p><strong>Element Size [in]:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p><strong>Max Stress [MPa]<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p><strong>% <\/strong><strong>C<\/strong><strong>hange<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p><strong>FS<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.060<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>125.99<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>8.10<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.050<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>124.74<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>1.00%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>8.18<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.040<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>130.28<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>4.34%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>7.83<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.030<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>124.89<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>4.22%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>8.17<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.020<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>134.92<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>7.72%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>7.56<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.010<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>154.61<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>13.60%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>6.60<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.009<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>157.32<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>1.74%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>6.48<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.008<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>166.15<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>5.46%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>6.14<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.007<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>167.15<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>0.60%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>6.10<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>0.006<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"118\">\r\n<p>167.74<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>0.35%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"45\">\r\n<p>6.08<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>As can be seen from Table 6, for element sizes, the percent difference for maximum stress values between iterations falls below 10%. Upon closer look at the stress distribution, displayed in Figure 6 in Appendix J, it appears that the maximum stress of MPa is reported at a single point along the contact surface on the tooth of the planet gear. The stress distribution in other locations along the tooth appears to be significantly lower and can be estimated to fall in the range between to \u00a0MPa based on the color scale. Stress concentration points with an updated geometry are not eliminated completely but are reduced noticeably. On the other hand, higher stresses are formed along the fillet radius between gear teeth and the bottom land of the planet gear.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128492\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128492\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-22-03-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128492\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-128492 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.22.03-PM-300x252.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.22.03-PM-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.22.03-PM.png 467w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 20:<\/span> Von Mises stress distribution in AISI 4140 Steel model (Updated Geometry) with 0.006 inch mesh element.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>With the assumption of potential failure due to fracture, or tooth breakage, the factor of safety can be computed based on:<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-1-37-17-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-125892\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-125892\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.37.17-PM-300x66.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"66\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.37.17-PM-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.37.17-PM.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>For a final mesh size of 0.006 in and a maximum reported Von Mises stress of 167.74 MPa, the factor of safety of 5 has been calculated and satisfies the minimum requirement of 5. Based on the results of the simulation, it is unlikely that gears prepared from AISI 4140 Steel will fail due to fracture.<\/p>\r\n<p>A similar contact stress analysis has been completed for the gear set prepared from ABS plastic. Plastics tend to have a low modulus of elasticity and therefore a linear behavior assumption should not be made when performing contact stress analysis. For the set of gears made from ABS plastic, with yield strength of MPa (NX Library), we expect large deformations. NX Nastran Solution 106: Non-Linear Statics has been used to analyze contact stress on gear teeth in this case. Results of the simulation are displayed in Table 7, where maximum Von Mises stress values are reported based on the mesh element size.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 7<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Stress Results of ABS Plastic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table width=\"341\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"341\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>SOL 106: Non-Linear Statics<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"341\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>ABS <\/strong><strong>Plastic<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"119\">\r\n<p><strong>Element Size [in]:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"113\">\r\n<p><strong>Max Stress [<\/strong><strong>M<\/strong><strong>Pa]<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p><strong>% <\/strong><strong>C<\/strong><strong>hange<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"44\">\r\n<p><strong>FS<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"119\">\r\n<p>0.050<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"113\">\r\n<p>125.1<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>&#8211;<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"44\">\r\n<p>0.32<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"119\">\r\n<p>0.040<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"113\">\r\n<p>127.8<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>2.14%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"44\">\r\n<p>0.31<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"119\">\r\n<p>0.030<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"113\">\r\n<p>134.3<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>4.96%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"44\">\r\n<p>0.30<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"119\">\r\n<p>0.020<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"113\">\r\n<p>141.5<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>5.22%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"44\">\r\n<p>0.28<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"119\">\r\n<p>0.010<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"113\">\r\n<p>151.6<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"65\">\r\n<p>6.89%<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"44\">\r\n<p>0.26<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>As can be noticed from the table, maximum stress values exceed the yield strength significantly and continue to grow as mesh element size decreases. Stress distribution of gear teeth can be seen from Figures 21 and 22 in Appendix J. Stress levels along the fillet radius between gear teeth and bottom land of the planet gear are near twice the yield strength, indicating a very high chance of significant plastic deformations and eventually fracture. Since ABS plastic gears are only used in the initial prototype, conducting a convergent contact stress study is not necessary and would be an inefficient allocation of resources.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128512\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128512\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-23-00-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128512\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128512\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.23.00-PM-300x252.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.23.00-PM-300x252.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.23.00-PM.png 467w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128512\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 21:<\/span> Von Mises stress distribution in ABS plastic planet gear with 0.01 inch mesh element.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128562\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128562\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-23-54-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128562\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128562\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.23.54-PM-300x232.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.23.54-PM-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.23.54-PM.png 554w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128562\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 22:<\/span> Von Mises stress distribution in ABS plastic internal gear with 0.01 inch mesh element.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>In conclusion, ABS plastic gear will not be suitable and would not meet the specification requirements of this application. However, due to the low cost and simplicity of manufacturing, ABS plastic gears can be used for the prototype display model. Gears made of AISI 4140 Steel, on the other hand, satisfy and exceed the specification requirement of the ability to operate at torques up to \u00a0N-m with a minimum factor of safety of 5. Manufacturing of steel gears would be more complex and require more time and funding.<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Fastener Torque Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>There are 2 types of fasteners that are used, one being a non-permanent fastener and one being a permanent fastener. The non-permanent fasteners join the top plate to the housing and are 6, \u00bc-20 socket head cap screws.<\/p>\r\n<p>\u00a0The proof strength ( of the \u00bc-20 fasteners is 140 ksi and the stress area ( \u00a0is 0.0318 inches squared. When including the following equation, the resulting force proof is 30.916 lbf.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-1-42-09-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-125952\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-125952 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.42.09-PM-300x42.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.42.09-PM-300x42.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.42.09-PM.png 354w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>When considering that the fasteners are non-permanent, the following equation is used:<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-1-43-10-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-125972\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-125972\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.43.10-PM-300x42.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.43.10-PM-300x42.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.43.10-PM.png 354w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>Torque is found by multiplying Fi, the k-value of the type of fastener, and the diameter of the screw. The fastener is non-plated with a black finish, which means it has a k-value of 0.30 and a diameter of 0.25 inches. The final torque of one fastener is 250.425 lb-inches or 28.294 Nm, which exceeds the minimum torque required by the specifications.<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-1-44-38-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-125992\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-125992\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.44.38-PM-300x31.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"31\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.44.38-PM-300x31.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.44.38-PM.png 354w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>For the threads to engage, there is a minimum length required. Using the variables from above, the minimum length is 0.161 inches.<\/p>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-1-45-44-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-126002\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-126002\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.45.44-PM-300x41.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"41\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.45.44-PM-300x41.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-1.45.44-PM.png 354w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>Since the fastener has 20 threads per inch, a minimum of 3 threads is required for the fastener to engage.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Tolerance Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>This design involves a lot of manufactured components that connect with each other in some way. The top plate, which can be viewed in Figure 23, and the housing, which can be viewed in Figure 24, are joined together by six fasteners with washers. The fasteners are \u00bc-20 standard sized socket head cap screws and are 1.25 inches in length. The holes in the housing are drilled and threaded to fit a \u00bc-20 screw and the holes in the top plate are slightly larger, at a diameter of 0.281 inches, to accommodate any egregious errors in accuracy when the holes of the housing were created.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128622\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128622\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-25-20-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128622\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128622\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.25.20-PM-300x193.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.25.20-PM-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.25.20-PM.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128622\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 23:<\/span> Top Plate drawing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128642\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128642\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-26-12-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128642\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128642\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.26.12-PM-300x231.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.26.12-PM-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.26.12-PM.png 741w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128642\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 24:<\/span> Housing drawing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The following is the worst-case tolerance stack-up analysis in both height, Table 8, and width, Table 9, of the major manufactured components of the prototype:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 8<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tolerance Results &#8212; Height<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 361px;\" width=\"700\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"623\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Worst Case Tolerance Analysis \u2013 Height<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p><strong>Part Name<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p><strong>Stack Direction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p><strong>Nominal<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p><strong>Tolerance<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>Top Plate<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>+\/-<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>0.375<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>0.005<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>Housing<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>+\/-<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>4.000<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>0.005<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Upper Limit: 4.385 inches<\/p>\r\n<p>Lower Limit: 4.365 inches<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 9<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tolerance Results &#8212; Width<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 365px;\" width=\"700\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td colspan=\"4\" width=\"623\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Worst Case Tolerance Analysis \u2013 Width<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p><strong>Part Name<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p><strong>Stack Direction<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p><strong>Nominal<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p><strong>Tolerance<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>Housing<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>+\/-<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>3.500<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>0.005<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>Bottom Plate<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>+\/-<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>2.8<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"156\">\r\n<p>0.02<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Upper Limit: 6.325 inches<\/p>\r\n<p>Lower Limit: 6.275 inches<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Housing Optimization<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>The housing for the product was originally designed to be based on a 4\u201d diameter cylinder which would be hollowed from the center at four different bored diameters.\u00a0 The internal diameter at most is a little more than 2\u201d, meaning the wall\u2019s thickness will be quite large for the purpose.\u00a0 This adds unnecessary weight and will make the product less functional because of it.\u00a0 An image of the pre-optimized housing is in Figure 25. The optimization was done in NX with a 5 lbf torque and a 10 lbf load being applied to the base of the housing.\u00a0 These values are sourced from the specifications given by the customer.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128692\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128692\" style=\"width: 292px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-27-48-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128692\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128692\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.27.48-PM-292x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"292\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.27.48-PM-292x300.png 292w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.27.48-PM.png 335w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128692\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 25.<\/span> Unoptimized housing for outside of system. Aluminum 6061 tube with 4\u201d outer diameter and various inner diameter sizes depending on internal press fits.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The program then goes through a series of iterations to find at what point the balance between strength and amount material is found. \u00a0Once the program has run it returns an idealized hollowed out shape that is based on the original housing, as shown in Figure 26 in Appendix L.\u00a0 To make that piece feasible to machine, the diameter for most of the housing was converted to 3.5\u201d in diameter, while the top remained at the original 4\u201d diameter to give enough room to add tapped holes for fasteners.\u00a0 This optimization changed the mass of the housing from 3.424 lbm to 2.56 lbm, saving 0.8654 lbm. The total mass of the product in NX subsequently changed from 10.393 lbm to 9.527 lbm.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128732\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128732\" style=\"width: 292px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-29-10-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128732\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128732\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.29.10-PM-292x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"292\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.29.10-PM-292x300.png 292w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.29.10-PM.png 335w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128732\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 26.<\/span> Optimized housing for outside of system.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128762\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128762\" style=\"width: 292px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-32-04-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128762\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128762\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.32.04-PM-292x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"292\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.32.04-PM-292x300.png 292w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.32.04-PM.png 335w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128762\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 27.<\/span> Modified optimized housing for outside of system. Uses load path of unrefined optimization and revised for practical machinability.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Buckling Analysis<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p>To test specification 8 (must withstand up to 10 lbf of downward pressure from gravity-based forces) a buckling analysis was done to the main shaft.\u00a0 The main shaft is made of AISI SS 304.\u00a0 The set-up, as seen in Figure 28, included two constraints and one force.\u00a0 The first constraint was at the top of the shaft, where X, Y, Z, and RZ were fixed to simulate how the shaft is held by the shaft color to the motor.\u00a0 The second constraint was in the middle to simulate the bearing where X, Y, RX, and RY were fixed.\u00a0 At the bottom, there was a 10 lbf load placed in the -Z direction.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133412\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133412\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-26-204618\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133412\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133412\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-26-204618-300x167.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-26-204618-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-26-204618.png 569w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133412\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 28.<\/span> Buckling Analysis set-up for a \u00bc\u201d diameter shaft made of AISI SS 304 with constraints in X, Y, Z, and RZ at top and at X, Y, RX, and RY in the middle to simulate the bearing with a 10 lbf load in -Z at bottom<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The results., shown in Figure 29, were successful.\u00a0 The shaft had an eigenvalue of 323.7 at a load of 10 lbf, meaning the critical load of the shaft is 3237 lbf, which is far greater than the 10 lbf specification.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133432\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133432\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screenshot-2023-04-26-204838\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133432\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133432\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-26-204838-300x201.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-26-204838-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screenshot-2023-04-26-204838.png 522w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133432\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 29. Buckling Analysis showing an eigenvalue of 323.7 when under a load of 10 lbf, causing the shaft to have a critical load of 3,237 lbf.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<h2>Manufacturing<\/h2>\r\n<p>The product has a series of items that require manufacturing using three different materials \u2013 aluminum 6061, 18-8 stainless steel and 303 stainless steel, and 3D printed ABS plastic.<\/p>\r\n<p>The largest piece to manufacture is the outer housing, shown in Figures 30 and 31 in Appendix M, made from aluminum 6601. A 4.25\u201d diameter cylindrical stock of aluminum was turned on a lathe until the desired shape was produced. The stock had multiple diameters bored out from the center on the inside, along with material removed off the outer diameter to minimize weight of the housing. Aluminum was chosen due to its durability, low cost, low weight, and its ability to resist the acidic environment it will be used in.\u00a0 The housing has a hollow section with multiple regions of different wall thickness to allow for different items to fit in and remain secure, such as the ring gear and the bearing. While the intention was to press fit the ring gear, it would have been risky to press fit the gear inside of the housing, as it would create added complexities to the machining process. Instead, the ring gear was attached to the housing using J-B Weld adhesives. The housing was also taken to a ProtoTRAK to mill six evenly spaced holes, allowing the top plate\u2019s holes to match the top of the housing.\u00a0 These holes were then threaded to allow them to fit socket head cap screws that were attached using helical inserts as fasteners.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128822\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128822\" style=\"width: 228px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-39-07-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128822\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-128822\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.39.07-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"228\" height=\"202\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128822\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 30. <\/span>Top of housing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128832\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128832\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-40-24-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128832\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-128832\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.40.24-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"210\" height=\"217\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 31.<\/span> Bottom of housing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133462\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133462\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/2530471c-7c00-4a4b-ba6f-fe3bea1f3662\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133462\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133462\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2530471C-7C00-4A4B-BA6F-FE3BEA1F3662-225x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2530471C-7C00-4A4B-BA6F-FE3BEA1F3662-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2530471C-7C00-4A4B-BA6F-FE3BEA1F3662-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2530471C-7C00-4A4B-BA6F-FE3BEA1F3662-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2530471C-7C00-4A4B-BA6F-FE3BEA1F3662-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2530471C-7C00-4A4B-BA6F-FE3BEA1F3662-1200x1600.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2530471C-7C00-4A4B-BA6F-FE3BEA1F3662-1980x2640.jpeg 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/2530471C-7C00-4A4B-BA6F-FE3BEA1F3662-scaled.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133462\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 32.<\/span> Housing being turned on lathe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The top plate, shown in Figure 33, was made from a flat plate of aluminum 6061, and the shape along with each of the holes was created using the ProtoTRAK.\u00a0 The ProtoTRAK was used to machine the circular shape of the plate and of the holes. This plate has 6 holes along its outer rim that have fasteners go through them to connect them to the threaded holes in the housing.\u00a0 There is also a larger central hole that the motor shaft goes through and two other holes that screws pass through to fasten the motor to the top plate. Finally, this includes an indent of an offset circle that is used to hold the motor in place by matching the intent on its surface.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128882\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128882\" style=\"width: 190px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-42-47-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128882\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-128882 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.42.47-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"177\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128882\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 33.<\/span> Top Plate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The bottom plate, shown in Figure 34, is made of the same piece of aluminum stock as the rest of the outer housing.\u00a0 This is designed to have a bearing press fit onto the outside of the part and the whole part will rest within the housing. There are three diameters in total, one for the bearing to be press fit on, the second for the bearing to rest on without getting beaten up by the bottom, and the third to allow for the whole product to be waterproof. It contains two through holes, one at the center and one at the 0.5 in offset, to hold both shafts.\u00a0 The main shaft is threaded to support a bolt at the bottom to act as a fastener for the housing.\u00a0 The other shaft is threaded, and a thread adapter is used to secure a female end that a tool can attach to.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128902\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128902\" style=\"width: 190px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-44-11-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128902\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-128902 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.44.11-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"190\" height=\"177\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128902\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 34.<\/span> Bearing press fit onto bottom plate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133442\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133442\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/32ed7b51-f9ec-431d-bbb1-19dcb80a2e16\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133442\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133442\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/32ED7B51-F9EC-431D-BBB1-19DCB80A2E16-300x225.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/32ED7B51-F9EC-431D-BBB1-19DCB80A2E16-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/32ED7B51-F9EC-431D-BBB1-19DCB80A2E16-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/32ED7B51-F9EC-431D-BBB1-19DCB80A2E16-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/32ED7B51-F9EC-431D-BBB1-19DCB80A2E16-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/32ED7B51-F9EC-431D-BBB1-19DCB80A2E16-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/32ED7B51-F9EC-431D-BBB1-19DCB80A2E16-1200x900.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/32ED7B51-F9EC-431D-BBB1-19DCB80A2E16-1980x1485.jpeg 1980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133442\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 35.<\/span> Bottom Plate being turned on lathe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The offset plate is made of a \u00bc\u201d thick piece of aluminum 6061 that was cut to size using a mill along with making a set of different sized holes.\u00a0 Each hole has a shaft going through it, with the central hole being for the main shaft, and the other hole being for the secondary shaft.\u00a0 The secondary shaft goes through a needle bearing that will be pressed into the plate, so that hole needs to be larger.\u00a0 The offset plate was also given a chamfer on all four corners using a belt sander to make sure it does not interfere with the internals of the housing while in rotation.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128912\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128912\" style=\"width: 161px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-47-09-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128912\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-128912 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.47.09-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"161\" height=\"115\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128912\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 36.<\/span> Offset plate<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133552\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133552\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133552\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133552\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50-225x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50-1200x1600.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50-1980x2640.jpeg 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230406-220905-8d425f50-scaled.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133552\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 37.<\/span> Offset plate being manufactured<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>The shafts were also faced off on both sides and machined to length. The threaded shaft was given a D-profile to help keep the set screw, from the flexible shaft coupling, in place.\u00a0 They were cut to length using a horizontal bandsaw and the profile was produced using a mill.<\/p>\r\n<p>The gears were both 3D printed and their drawings are shown in Figures 38 and 39. Jim Alkins in the Rettner Hall Machine Shop\/Fabrication Studio was able to assist with printing the gears. ABS plastic was used as the resolution for the gears was sufficient for smooth contact. The main reason why the gears were 3D printed is because the gears had to be a custom size to obtain the desired gear ratio, so these gears could not be purchased off the shelf. Meanwhile, outsourcing the gears to be machined as a type of steel would have a much longer lead time than the project, as well as siphon away the budget remaining for the project.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128922\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128922\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-48-33-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128922\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128922\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.48.33-PM-300x231.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.48.33-PM-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.48.33-PM.png 648w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128922\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 38.<\/span> Internal gear drawing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_128942\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-128942\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/screen-shot-2023-04-25-at-7-50-01-pm\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-128942\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-128942\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.50.01-PM-300x231.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.50.01-PM-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-25-at-7.50.01-PM.png 716w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-128942\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 39.<\/span> Planetary gear drawing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>Regarding the budget for the project, the team had $1,000 to spend on parts and services. As listed in Table 10, the team spent $893 on parts, and all machining services were performed by team members with some supervision by the surrounding supervisors, so the team stayed under budget for purchases. Accounting for team shop time at a rate of $100 per hour, the time spent manufacturing and assembling the system was 87 hours, which multiplies to a cost of $8,700. The total cost, including purchased parts, is $8,593.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 10<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Estimation of Cost<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 350px;\" width=\"750\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"252\">\r\n<p><strong>Item<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p><strong>Cost<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"252\">\r\n<p>Purchased Parts<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>$893<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"252\">\r\n<p>Purchased Shop Time<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>$0<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"252\">\r\n<p>Team Manufacturing Time ($100\/hour)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>$8,700<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"252\">\r\n<p><strong>Total<br \/><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p><strong>$9,593<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Table 11<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Estimation of Development Time<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<table style=\"height: 523px;\" width=\"750\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"162\">\r\n<p><strong>Team Member<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p><strong>Hours<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p><strong>Cost<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"162\">\r\n<p>Christopher Harriott<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>173<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>$17,300<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"162\">\r\n<p>Nugzari Khalvashi-Sutter<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>121<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>$12,100<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"162\">\r\n<p>Nabeel Mukhtar<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>141<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>$14,100<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"162\">\r\n<p>Jack Rollman<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>147<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p>$14,700<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"162\">\r\n<p><strong>Total:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>582<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"102\">\r\n<p><strong>$58,200<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>When this product is passed onto Danbury, their plan is to create many different systems with various fixed offsets and gear ratios. If this product was expanded from 1 system to 1000 systems, it would be hard to scale this without a major simplification of the design of all components and especially the housing.\u00a0 If not, all products would need to be individually made by a machinist, so the lead time and building cost would be large. Likewise, modifying the gear ratio would require new housing shapes and new gear shapes to be made without the ability to easily modify the system.\u00a0 Luckily, this is not a product that currently has the need to be made in that large of quantity and making just a handful more \u2013 as intended by Danbury \u2013 is still reasonable in terms of time and cost.<\/p>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133492\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133492\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/45c681f6-eda6-4e64-a4c1-e5ac2761a31b\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133492\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133492\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/45C681F6-EDA6-4E64-A4C1-E5AC2761A31B-225x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/45C681F6-EDA6-4E64-A4C1-E5AC2761A31B-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/45C681F6-EDA6-4E64-A4C1-E5AC2761A31B-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/45C681F6-EDA6-4E64-A4C1-E5AC2761A31B-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/45C681F6-EDA6-4E64-A4C1-E5AC2761A31B-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/45C681F6-EDA6-4E64-A4C1-E5AC2761A31B-1200x1600.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/45C681F6-EDA6-4E64-A4C1-E5AC2761A31B-1980x2640.jpeg 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/45C681F6-EDA6-4E64-A4C1-E5AC2761A31B-scaled.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133492\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 40.<\/span> Product being assembled<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133532\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133532\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/image-20230426-202825-947918be\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133532\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133532\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-225x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-1200x1600.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-1980x2640.jpeg 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-202825-947918be-scaled.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133532\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 41.<\/span> Full assembly with mount<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<figure id=\"attachment_133522\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-133522\" style=\"width: 225px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-mission-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-133522\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-133522\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39-225x300.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39-225x300.jpeg 225w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39-768x1024.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39-1536x2048.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39-1200x1600.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39-1980x2640.jpeg 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image-20230426-220251-57822e39-scaled.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-133522\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Figure 42.<\/span> Trace of tool path<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>Test Plan and Results<\/h2>\r\n<table style=\"height: 1373px;\" width=\"750\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p><strong>Specification<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p><strong>Test<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p><strong>Result<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>1<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>CAD Inspection of Dimensions<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>2<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Finite Element Analysis (First Mode of Vibration)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>3<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Finite Element Analysis (Stress, Buckling)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>4<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Physical Test: Loading and Unloading System from Stand<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>5<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Inspection<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>6<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Incorporated into Design<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>7<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Choosing materials that can withstand the environment per manufacturer<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>8<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Finite Element Analysis (Stress, Buckling)<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>9<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Inspection of CAD and Physical Prototype<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>10<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Motion Analysis<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>11<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Weight in CAD, Physical Scale<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"80\">\r\n<p>12<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"165\">\r\n<p>Count of CAD, Physical Model<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"90\">\r\n<p>Successful<\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>Specification 1 passes as the system has roughly a 4\u201d diameter and a height around 10\u201d, as verified by both CAD inspection and measurements of the physical prototype.<\/p>\r\n<p>As more information on the system became apparent in the design process, specification 11 \u2013 specifying a 200 lbf weight limit on the system \u2013 was modified to become a 20 lbf limit. This change was initiated by Danbury after the initial list of specifications was finalized and was subsequently approved by the stakeholders of the project. Accounting for usability and ergonomics, minimizing the weight allows for the system to be lifted safely by one person to be installed on the shop floor at Danbury, along with minimizing material costs for the system.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>Intellectual Property<\/h2>\r\n<p>For an item to be patentable it needs to be new\/novel and not obvious.\u00a0 The designs created for this product are all unique and are not based on previous designs as there are many different methods to grind optics.\u00a0 This is due to every optics company having very different optics they work with and the products they produce, especially when in the precision optics industry.\u00a0 However, since this product is not based on any of the other patented designs due to its wide variety of grinding needs, the product is potentially patentable.\u00a0 The product is also not obvious as it is not simply a different use of an already existing product, instead, it is a new and uniquely created product that was built for a specific purpose.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>Societal and Environmental Implications<\/h2>\r\n<p>This product is used for optical polishing internally at Danbury Mission Technologies. The device should increase the efficiency of producing precision optics, minimizing downtime on their service floor, and therefore, increasing the potential output. This could help reduce the costs of precision optics used for space exploration and defense purposes. A benefit of this would be that more technology could be developed with the same level of investment now. These overarching cost reductions show a far-reaching impact of this machine, one more complex than its initial impression.<\/p>\r\n<p>Regarding ethical concerns, the technology that this product supports will be used in defense systems along with applications in precision optics and aerospace fields. While the goal of this paper is not to take a stance on those fields, it is acknowledged what this technology may be used for. However, much is still unknown about the specifics of how and where this product will be used.<\/p>\r\n<p>In terms of the product&#8217;s environmental impact, the materials used in this are metals \u2013 aluminum and steel \u2013 along with ABS plastic used in 3D printing.\u00a0 These materials are not harmful for the environment and are recyclable.\u00a0 The material this product produces, glass, is also a recyclable material.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>The energy use footprint comes from the motor which drives the spindle. Using more efficient technology to support the inner workings of the spindle mechanism would help improve the environmental impact of the device.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>Recommendations For Future Work<\/h2>\r\n<p>The timeframe for this project was roughly four months, spanning from the beginning of January 2023 to the end of April. Had the timeframe allowed for six more months of work, more refinement would allow the system to optimize its performance. A longer project schedule would allow for the completion of tasks that have a longer time frame and the ability to order products with a longer lead time. For instance, the gears on the system needed to be custom designed to allow for the gear ratio to meet specifications. Given the timeframe of the project, the gears were 3D printed out of ABS plastic. However, if a few more months were added to the schedule, that would allow for the gears to be manufactured externally using steel and shipped in time for the conclusion of the product. We recommend that Danbury manufactures gears using a more durable material when applying the prototype.<\/p>\r\n<p>Another task would be to perform critical analyses of bearings, fatigue, and fasteners before ordering the parts. While these all passed analysis, the ideal way to avoid cost overrun and purchasing redundant parts is to carry out a full analysis of the system before purchasing. However, to account for uncertain lead times and setbacks to the project schedule, purchasing materials began before the final design was completed.<\/p>\r\n<p>Similarly, the housing could have been made more efficient. The current design incorporates an Aluminum tube with several bored-out holes to house the components that participate in rotation. Even after optimizing the housing shape, there is still potential for improvement to make the housing wall thinner and continue to minimize the weight of the system.<\/p>\r\n<p>Lastly, another improvement if the project timeline was longer would be to attach the polishing spindle to an existing optical polisher and test on more optics to evaluate the performance of the machine. Currently, the testing setup only tests whether the mechanisms work in a stationary position. \u00a0If more time was added, it would be useful to test the polished optics for smoothness using optical metrology equipment. While no specification on the quality of the polished optic was given, had the project timeline been longer, that would be a feasible goal for the team. Likewise, it would be ideal to compare this technology to the effectiveness of existing methods to determine how effective this device is.<\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>In-Depth Presentation on Project<\/h2>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/MeyaR283TIk\">Video link to presentation with voice over<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h2>Final Design Review Paper<\/h2>\r\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/173ibeeezwnyofz\/TeamDanburyFinalDesignReport.pdf?dl=0\">Final Design Review (FDR) paper link<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Design an interchangeable, fixed offset, fixed gear-ratio eccentric tool spindle for gravity-loaded optical polishing procedures.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6242,"featured_media":121272,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3046,126,2976,3086,3096],"tags":[15782,5612,15772,15792],"coauthors":[8612],"class_list":["post-110052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manufacturing-archive","category-me-archive","category-optical-archive","category-process-engineering-archive","category-simulation-archive","tag-gears","tag-manufacturing","tag-optics","tag-polishing"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Danbury Mission Technologies - Creating an Optical Polisher - Senior Design Day<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-missionn-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Danbury Mission Technologies - Creating an Optical Polisher - Senior Design Day\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Design an interchangeable, fixed offset, fixed gear-ratio eccentric tool spindle for gravity-loaded optical polishing procedures.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/danbury-missionn-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Senior Design Day\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-02-28T18:25:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-03-01T20:52:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Danbury-Logo.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"466\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"108\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"44 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/danbury-missionn-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/danbury-missionn-technologies-creating-an-optical-polisher\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/351018fbcf84ed8cac6d8072ba5b347c\"},\"headline\":\"Danbury Mission Technologies &#8211; 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