{"id":110772,"date":"2023-03-17T13:52:58","date_gmt":"2023-03-17T17:52:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/?p=110772"},"modified":"2024-03-01T15:55:09","modified_gmt":"2024-03-01T19:55:09","slug":"university-of-rochester-corporate-purchasing-non-clinical-spend-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/university-of-rochester-corporate-purchasing-non-clinical-spend-analysis\/","title":{"rendered":"University of Rochester: Corporate Purchasing Non-Clinical Spend Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-148902\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/University-of-Rochester-Logo-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"657\" height=\"370\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/University-of-Rochester-Logo-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/University-of-Rochester-Logo-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/University-of-Rochester-Logo-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/University-of-Rochester-Logo-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/University-of-Rochester-Logo-2048x1153.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/University-of-Rochester-Logo-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/University-of-Rochester-Logo-1980x1114.jpg 1980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 657px) 100vw, 657px\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<h2>Team<\/h2>\r\n<table dir=\"ltr\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"><colgroup><col width=\"162\" \/><col width=\"178\" \/><\/colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Team Member&quot;}\"><strong>Team Member<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Major&quot;}\"><strong>Major<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Amanda Pignataro&quot;}\">Amanda Pignataro<\/td>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;B.S. in Data Science&quot;}\">B.S. in Data Science<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Avery Girksy&quot;}\">Avery Girksy<\/td>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;B.S. in Data Science&quot;}\">B.S. in Data Science<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Ryan Hilton&quot;}\">Ryan Hilton<\/td>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;B.S. in Data Science&quot;}\">B.S. in Data Science<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Vaarya Srivastava&quot;}\">Vaarya Srivastava<\/td>\r\n<td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;B.S. in Data Science&quot;}\">B.S. in Data Science<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mentor<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Prof. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sas.rochester.edu\/dsc\/people\/faculty\/caliskan-cantay\/index.html\">Cantay Caliskan<\/a> , Goergen Institute for Data Science<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sponsor<\/h2>\r\n<p>University of Rochester Corporate Purchasing:<\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Katherine Sadoff-Herrick, Neil Pierce, Jeff Meteyer, Carl Tietjen, Wen Li, Ph.D.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procurement is the process of acquiring goods or services from an outside source. [1] Approximately $600 billion is spent each year by public and private universities, collectively, and many experience challenges when identifying cost efficient suppliers. Specifically, the Procurement Department at the University of Rochester is hoping to determine cost containment opportunities. Thus, strategic modeling and price auditing will be implemented to understand and leverage the department\u2019s full buying power.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Our project is motivated by the University of Rochester&#8217;s desire to enhance analytics of non-clinical spend data. Through cost-saving measures, the University of Rochester could redirect funding towards improving student life and increasing student opportunities.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h2>Project Objectives<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leverage UR Purchasing\u2019s full buying power<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Achieved through: Exploratory Data Analysis and Clustering<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recognize best Cost and Value for cost containment opportunities<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Achieved through: Price Auditing Algorithm<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understand the impact of inflation<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Achieved through: Comparing data to external benchmarks<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Dataset Overview<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Main dataset or may be referred to as &#8216;<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Procurement Capstone<\/strong>&#8216;:<\/span>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">75 Columns and 297,082 Rows<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each row is item or product from an invoice<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">25 Quantitative, 50 Qualitative Features<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li>Data ranging from January 2020- January 2023<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Example Data<\/span>:\u00a0\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Field Label<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Example Data<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Company<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">River Campus Colleges<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Supplier<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">W B Mason Co Inc<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Line Description<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dazzling Copy Paper<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>UNSPSC<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14110000<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Unit of Measure<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carton<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Invoice Date<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2022-06-30<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Distribution Quantity<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Distribution Extended Amount<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">138.00<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>Additional datasets:\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>Contracting pricing datasets for 8 suppliers<\/li>\r\n<li>UNSPSC conversion dataset<\/li>\r\n<li>Benchmark pricing datasets obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2>Exploratory Data Analysis<\/h2>\r\n<p>To summarize the main characteristics of our various datasets, we conducted exploratory data analysis (EDA).\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>The following are key details and features that arise in the\u00a0 Procurement Capstone dataset:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Company: <\/span><\/i>High-level internal operational unit of the University of Rochester\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14 Unique Values<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most frequent: School of <\/span>Medicine and Dentistry<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><i>Supplier: <\/i>External company that provides products or services to UR companies\r\n<ol>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">35 Unique Values<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most Frequent: Staples Business Advantage<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Highest Spend: Wesco Distribution<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spend Category: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Classification of an item by the UR Purchasing team<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li>\r\n<p>122 Unique Values<\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most frequent: Office Supplies and Laboratory Supplies<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h4>EDA Visualization\u00a0<\/h4>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-148922\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.07.28-PM-300x234.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"675\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.07.28-PM-300x234.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.07.28-PM-1024x800.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.07.28-PM-768x600.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.07.28-PM-1200x937.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.07.28-PM.png 1426w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p>The <strong>left<\/strong> visualizations depict the sum of &#8216;Distribution Extended Amount&#8217; for the <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">top ten <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Companies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suppliers<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNSPSC. <\/span><\/i>\u00a0The\u00a0<strong>right\u00a0<\/strong>visualizations indicate <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the top five <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Companies<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Suppliers<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNSPSC<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> over time (by month).<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2>Feature Engineering<\/h2>\r\n<h5><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>1. UNSPSC<\/strong>:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> United Nations Standard Products and Services Code<\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From dataset provided by UR Purchasing, converted <\/span><b>UNSPSC<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> codes to <\/span><b>names<\/b><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Successful on 96.37% of present UNSPSC codes<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5><b>2. Distribution Unit Cost<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Defined as Dist. Total Amt. \/ Dist. Qty.<\/span><\/h5>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This generated feature reflects the company spend per unit on an invoice line<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8216;Distribution Total Amount&#8217;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Best measure of the company spend per invoice line<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li aria-level=\"1\">\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8216;Distribution Quantity&#8217;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Number of units per invoice line<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 48px; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: -0.0415625em; font-family: 'Inter var', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif;\">Clustering<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>The goal behind clustering is to segment distinct groups or clusters within a dataset. Within this project, clustering was\u00a0 implemented to better understand what groups, such as suppliers, companies, or family titles were the most significant to our analysis. [2] For example, RFM analysis was conducted to identify which of these groups were important based on their recency, frequency, and monetary value.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h4>RFM Analysis<\/h4>\r\n<p>This technique denotes the number of days since the last product\u00a0 invoice was raised, the number of transactions or purchases in a time period and how much money was spent on this purchase.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p>It was advantageous to use this on the <strong>&#8216;Family Title&#8217;<\/strong> of our products. \u2018Family Title<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019 denotes a commonly recognized group of inter-related commodity categories under the UNSPSC conversion data. With the results obtained from clustering based on this category, we can effectively shift our focus to the groups that have the most spend or frequent purchases.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>For example,<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u201c<\/span><b>Paper products<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d is a family title, belonging to the segment title of \u201cPaper Materials and Products\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Here we implement RFM analysis on the merged procurement capstone and UNSPSC dataset to segment groups using K-Means clustering:\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-148392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-12.28.02-PM-300x162.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-12.28.02-PM-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-12.28.02-PM-768x415.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-12.28.02-PM.png 1018w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cluster 0 or Low Spenders<\/b><b>: \u2018<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Family Title\u2019 with low distribution unit costs, recent purchases, and not frequent purchases<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cluster 1 or High Spenders:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2018Family Title\u2019\u00a0 with high distribution unit costs, somewhat recent purchases, and somewhat frequent purchases<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cluster 2 or Medium Spenders<\/b><b>: <\/b><b>\u2018<\/b>Family Title\u2019 with intermediate distribution unit costs, somewhat recent purchases, and frequent purchases<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>This analysis provides the motivation behind implementing specific benchmark pricing, which is discussed below.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h2>Contract Pricing<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UR Purchasing has negotiated contracts with seven suppliers to reduce costs on high spend items<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beckman Coulter, WB Mason, VWR International (2022, 2023), Henry Schein, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Agilent, Bio Rad Laboratories (2022, 2023)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contracts include an item identifier and contracted price<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May also include unit of measure specification and\/or time designation<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Example Contract for Dazzling Copy Paper:<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>WB Mason Co Inc Contract Line:<br \/>\u00a0\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Item Number<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Description<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Price<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>UOM<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RBB61200<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PAPER<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$34.50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CT<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Procurement Capstone Invoice Line:<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table style=\"height: 220px;\" width=\"515\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Supplier Item Identifier<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Distribution Quantity<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Distribution Extended Amount<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Unit of Measure<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RBB61200<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4.0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$138.00<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carton<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Combined Contract and Invoice Line:\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table style=\"height: 167px;\" width=\"500\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Contract Price<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Distribution Unit Cost<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$34.50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">$34.50<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h4>Percent Difference<\/h4>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We seek to analyze both the absolute and percent difference between the distribution unit cost and the contract price. The following equation is applied to determine the percent difference.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-148452\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.33.51-PM-300x99.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"99\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.33.51-PM-300x99.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.33.51-PM.png 688w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<h2><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-148442\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.30.08-PM-300x118.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"572\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.30.08-PM-300x118.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.30.08-PM-1024x403.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.30.08-PM-768x302.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.30.08-PM-1200x472.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.30.08-PM.png 1524w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/h2>\r\n<h2>Benchmark Pricing<\/h2>\r\n<p>To gain insight on the true cost that UR Purchasing encounters through their procurement, it is imperative to compare their prices to external benchmarks. The primary motivations behind this are as follows:\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compare the amount UR Purchasing pays against external benchmarks.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understand the impact of inflation by product through benchmarking prices.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide leverage when negotiating prices with suppliers.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Purchase goods\/services and create contracts with more confidence.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<p>With these, a Benchmark Function was established to achieve a specific benchmark price for each product that UR Purchasing buys:\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-148472\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.47.35-PM-300x142.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"349\" height=\"165\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.47.35-PM-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.47.35-PM-768x364.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-1.47.35-PM.png 776w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 349px) 100vw, 349px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><b>P<\/b><b>1<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is price of first item purchase in our data. <\/span><b>\u03c1<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is a corresponding item benchmark price for <\/span><b>P<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<li><b>\u03b2<\/b> is the monthly benchmark price for a family of goods.<\/li>\r\n<li><b>\u03c1<\/b><b>m(t)<\/b> will be used for all purchases of an item where its invoice date t\u00a0 is closest to month m.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p>With the application of the benchmark function, various benchmark prices were established. The below plot represents an example benchmark price for &#8216;Paper Products&#8217; against the UR Purchasing price for &#8216;Dazzling Copy Paper&#8217;:<\/p>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-148952\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.16.34-PM-300x86.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.16.34-PM-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.16.34-PM-1024x294.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.16.34-PM-768x221.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.16.34-PM-1536x441.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.16.34-PM-1200x345.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-4.16.34-PM.png 1740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p><b>\u2018Paper Products\u2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> benchmark and \u2018<\/span><b>Dazzling Copy Paper<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019 product prices follow similar trends but we see a recent increase. As of December 2022, UR Purchasing is paying more than benchmark.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This data will become actionable for UR Purchasing if the product price consistently exceeds the benchmark over time.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h2>Price Auditor<\/h2>\r\n<p>The critical motivation behind establishing a price auditing algorithm was to recognize inefficient purchasing. The algorithm aims to answer the following questions:<\/p>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Did multiple UR companies buy the same item or did multiple suppliers sell the same item to UR at different prices?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Did a supplier increase\/decrease the price of an item?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Did a UR company pay more than contracted or industry standard price?<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h4>Functionality of the algorithm:\u00a0<\/h4>\r\n<p>The following flowchart exhibits the capabilities of our price auditing algorithm:\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-147922\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-29-at-10.37.47-PM-300x132.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"675\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-29-at-10.37.47-PM-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-29-at-10.37.47-PM-1024x452.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-29-at-10.37.47-PM-768x339.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-29-at-10.37.47-PM-1536x678.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-29-at-10.37.47-PM-1200x529.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-29-at-10.37.47-PM.png 1582w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px\" \/><\/h4>\r\n<h4>Measure of Loss\/Gain<\/h4>\r\n<p>To determine the amount of spend that could be considered a loss or gain, we use the following idea and function:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2018<\/span><b>Rate Variance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2019 denotes the change in price and its impact on total cost of goods purchased. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Calculating rate variance is shown:\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Rate Variance =(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actual Price<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expected Price<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) * <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Actual Quantity<\/span><\/i><\/p>\r\n<p><b>Price Auditor Incorporation:<\/b><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Pairs<\/b><b>:\u00a0 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Price<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Price<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t-1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) * <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Triplets<\/b><b>: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Price<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Price<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t-1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) * <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Benchmarks<\/b><b>: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Price<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; \u03c1<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">m(t)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) * <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Contract<\/b><b>: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Price<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; \u03ba<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c(t)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) * <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">t<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03ba<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c(t)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the contract price for an item at time t<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Example implementation of Rate Variance in our data:<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Field Label<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>Example Data (t-1,t)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Line Description<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>FB NITRILE GLV PF LF S 100\/PK (Safety Gloves)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Distribution Total Amount<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>(220.0, 600.0)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Distribution Quantity<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>(1.0, 2.0)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Distribution Unit Cost<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>(220.0, 300.0)<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b><i>Rate Variance<\/i><\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td>\r\n<p><b>160.0<\/b><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<h4>Consecutive Pairs and Triplets Results<\/h4>\r\n<h5>Consecutive Pairs<\/h5>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Incorporating consecutive pairs provides us the ability to analyze local price changes in items and find anomalous transaction. Here are the results after implementing consecutive pairs:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h4><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-147972\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/under-contract-consecutive-pairs-300x235.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"335\" height=\"263\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/under-contract-consecutive-pairs-300x235.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/under-contract-consecutive-pairs-1024x802.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/under-contract-consecutive-pairs-768x602.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/under-contract-consecutive-pairs.png 1128w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-147982\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/not-under-contract-300x231.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"335\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/not-under-contract-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/not-under-contract-1024x788.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/not-under-contract-768x591.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/not-under-contract.png 1144w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-147992\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/switching-contract-status-300x232.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"335\" height=\"259\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/switching-contract-status-300x232.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/switching-contract-status-1024x791.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/switching-contract-status-768x593.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/switching-contract-status.png 1142w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\" \/><\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sterling Exam Gloves (100pk) had one of the highest rate variances overall at ~$3000, suggesting significant price increase<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rate variance of consecutive pairs under contract is more variable than consecutive pairs not under contract<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More likely to pay more when both switching into and out of contract<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5>Consecutive Triplets<\/h5>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-148792\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-3.28.03-PM-300x238.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"335\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-3.28.03-PM-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-3.28.03-PM-768x609.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-3.28.03-PM.png 940w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More total anomalies for non contract items than contract items<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Distributions are roughly symmetric<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5% of items in dataset are under contract but 11% of anomalies are from items under contract<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alcohol Prep Pads 200\/pk had highest total rate variance of ~$2000 of anomalous purchases<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4><b>Contract Comparison Function<\/b><\/h4>\r\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-148802\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-3.29.58-PM-300x228.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"335\" height=\"255\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-3.29.58-PM-300x228.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-3.29.58-PM-768x584.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Screenshot-2023-04-30-at-3.29.58-PM.png 962w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\" \/><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Distribution skewed negatively means we are more likely to pay less than contracted price<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FB NITRILE GLV PF LF S 100\/PK (Safety Gloves) had the highest rate variances at ~$5500 in 2022 over many purchases<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through price analysis, we found price variations between the vendor data and the contract and benchmark data. Also,\u00a0 we i<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mplemented clustering algorithms to produce segments of clients with similar spending behaviors and distinguish top groups with high spend. Lastly, our p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rice auditing algorithm determined the amount of purchases in which UR Purchasing has overpaid for goods or services. Below we discuss the limitations of our work as well as future steps that could be taken.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h4>Limitations<\/h4>\r\n<p>The scope at which we could conduct analysis on the pricing data supplied by the UR Purchasing team were limited based on various factors. First, regarding the benchmark price, our work was l<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">imited by the absence of specific benchmark data on a per-product basis.\u00a0 Benchmarks may also be discontinued or non-current. Additionally, the contract price data was useful, however, there was\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">minimal contract data for each supplier used by UR Purchasing for 2022 transactions. Lastly, the price auditing algorithm was limited by minimal knowledge of the parameters to which a products price was fair for those products not under contract.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<h4>Future Work<\/h4>\r\n<p>To further extend the possibilities of this project, UR Purchasing could create an API, dashboard interface, and enhance the scope of contract pricing. First, an Application Programming Interface (API) could be an effective future step that would allow UR Purchasing to have an interactive dashboard. Users could interact with a dashboard interface by using a drop-down menu for specific product and understand their details, such as determining the price we paid for a product vs. the contract price of a specific year. Lastly, UR Purchasing can negotiate new contracts by automatically comparing the contract price to what they have actually paid in the past.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<h2>Acknowledgements<\/h2>\r\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We would like to especially thank\u2026<\/span><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>UR Purchasing team<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for their willingness to collaborate, their support, and the trust placed in our group<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Professors Caliskan <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and <\/span><b>Anand<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for their efforts, advice, and encouragement<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>Goergen Institute for Data Science<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for its continued academic and professional support<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>References<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> National Center for Education Statistics. &#8220;Fast Facts: Educational Attainment.&#8221; NCES, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2021,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/fastfacts\/display.asp?id=75\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/fastfacts\/display.asp?id=75<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mousavifar, Ehsan. &#8220;Exploring Customers Segmentation with RFM Analysis and K-means Clustering.&#8221; Medium, 9 Jan. 2020,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/swlh\/exploring-customers-segmentation-with-rfm-analysis-and-k-means-clustering-93aa4c79f7a7\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/medium.com\/swlh\/exploring-customers-segmentation-with-rfm-analysis-and-k-means-clustering<\/span><\/a><\/li>\r\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Indiana Department of Administration, Procurement Division. &#8220;UNSPSC Commodity Codes.&#8221; Indiana Government,<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.in.gov\/idoa\/procurement\/files\/unspsc1.pdf\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.in.gov\/idoa\/procurement\/files\/unspsc1.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<li>8020 Consulting, Understanding the impact of Volume, Mix, and Rate on Manufacturing COGS Variance. https:\/\/8020consulting.com\/manufacturing-cogs-variance-volume-mix-rate\/<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Team Team Member Major Amanda Pignataro B.S. in Data Science Avery Girksy B.S. in Data Science Ryan Hilton B.S. in Data Science Vaarya Srivastava B.S. in Data Science Mentor Prof.&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6242,"featured_media":147762,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[16632,16522,16602,16592,16612,16622],"coauthors":[8612],"class_list":["post-110772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dsc-archive","tag-analytics","tag-data-science","tag-finance","tag-purchasing","tag-spend-analysis","tag-university-of-rochester"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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