{"id":111092,"date":"2023-04-19T12:04:13","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T16:04:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/?p=111092"},"modified":"2024-03-01T14:47:10","modified_gmt":"2024-03-01T18:47:10","slug":"cellucov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/cellucov\/","title":{"rendered":"CelluCov"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-829b1d53 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-bottom: 0;\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e1e6ec8949e44d3f5033ee6ddddecc3d is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"color: #000000; background-color: #a7e2e2; padding: 2em;\">\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-size: 40px; font-family: Times New Roman;\">Increase<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-normal-font-size has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><strong><strong>Accessibility to Healthcare<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">CelluCov aims to provide sustainable solutions that are accessible to everyone, without sacrificing quality or performance of the device. While eco-friendlier manufacturing processes are often more expensive, we make a conscious effort to utilize materials that maintain our product&#8217;s affordability at or below the cost of traditional tests on the market.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-primary-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"#abstract\">CelluCov cost<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-e8ab2a50ad298d7b828cc8651c4d6125 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"color: #000000; background-color: #a8e3d1; padding: 2em;\">\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-size: 40px; font-family: Times New Roman;\">Maintain<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-normal-font-size has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><strong>Quality of Testing<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Our team at CelluCov is continuously exploring new and innovative ways to create eco-friendlier lateral flow assays. One of the latest initiatives we are working on involves testing the ability of gold nanoparticles and functionalized quantum carbon dots to cellulose-based materials to create a fully functional and biodegradable COVID lateral flow assay device.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-primary-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"#prototype\">Cellucov Design<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-cfc9b499d39d5c0a191c404414e5e902 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"color: #000000; background-color: #a8e3b9; padding: 2em;\">\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-size: 40px; font-family: Times New Roman;\">Reduce<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-normal-font-size has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><strong>Medical Waste<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Since the rise of the pandemic, the amount of medical waste specifically from testing worldwide has increased, generating 2,600 tons of non-infectious waste and 731,000 liters of chemical waste. This increase is damaging our environment and created a need for a more eco-friendly method of testing \u2014 biodegradable lateral flow assay based testing kits.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-primary-background-color has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"#testing\">CELLUCOV DISPOSAL<\/a><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Table of Contents<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0 wp-block-list\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">\r\n<li><a href=\"#team-members\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#team-members\">Team Members<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#background\">Abstract<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#problem-statement\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#problem-statement\">Problem Statement<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#rationale\">Rationale<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#prototype\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#prototype\">Prototype<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#testing\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#testing\">Material Properties and Degradation Testing<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#limitation\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#limitation\">Limitation<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#future\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#future\">Future<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#acknowledgements\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#acknowledgements\">Acknowledgements<\/a><\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<li><a href=\"#references\" data-type=\"internal\" data-id=\"#references\">References<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"team-members\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Team Members<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1022\" class=\"wp-image-119552 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/katie-1024x1022.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/katie-1024x1022.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/katie-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/katie-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/katie-768x766.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/katie-1200x1197.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/katie.jpg 1283w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Katherine Broun (she\/her)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Incoming Ph.D. Student in Biomedical Engineering at Duke University<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social wp-block-coblocks-social-profiles has-colors\"><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/linkedin.com\/in\/katiebrounrochester\" title=\"Linkedin\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-block-coblocks-social__button wp-block-coblocks-social__button--linkedin has-padding\" style=\"border-radius:40px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__icon\"><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__text\">Linkedin<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1013\" class=\"wp-image-119042 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/duy-1024x1013.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/duy-1024x1013.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/duy-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/duy-768x760.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/duy-1200x1187.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/duy.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Duy Doan (he\/him)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Incoming M.S. Student in Biomedical Engineering at University of Rochester &#8211; CMTI<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social wp-block-coblocks-social-profiles has-colors\"><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/linkedin.com\/in\/duy-doan-38049811b\" title=\"Linkedin\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-block-coblocks-social__button wp-block-coblocks-social__button--linkedin has-padding\" style=\"border-radius:40px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__icon\"><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__text\">Linkedin<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1013\" class=\"wp-image-119052 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/judy-1024x1013.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/judy-1024x1013.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/judy-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/judy-768x760.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/judy-1200x1187.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/judy.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Judy Monickaraj (she\/her)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Incoming M.S. Student in Biomedical Engineering at University of Rochester &#8211; CMTI<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social wp-block-coblocks-social-profiles has-colors\"><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/linkedin.com\/in\/judy-monickaraj-843943210\" title=\"Linkedin\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-block-coblocks-social__button wp-block-coblocks-social__button--linkedin has-padding\" style=\"border-radius:40px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__icon\"><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__text\">Linkedin<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1020\" class=\"wp-image-119682 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/claudia-1-1024x1020.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/claudia-1-1024x1020.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/claudia-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/claudia-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/claudia-1-768x765.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/claudia-1-1200x1195.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/claudia-1.jpg 1284w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Claudia Garcia (she\/her)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Incoming Ph.D. Student in Biomedical Engineering at Tulane University<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social wp-block-coblocks-social-profiles has-colors\"><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/linkedin.com\/in\/claudia-garcia-zorba\" title=\"Linkedin\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-block-coblocks-social__button wp-block-coblocks-social__button--linkedin has-padding\" style=\"border-radius:40px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__icon\"><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__text\">Linkedin<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1012\" class=\"wp-image-119782 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miguel-1024x1012.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miguel-1024x1012.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miguel-300x297.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miguel-768x759.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miguel-1200x1186.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/miguel.jpg 1294w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Miguel Yakouma (he\/him)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Incoming M.S. Student in Biomedical Engineering at University of Rochester &#8211; CMTI<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social wp-block-coblocks-social-profiles has-colors\"><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/linkedin.com\/in\/miguel-armistice-yakouma-05b52a19b\" title=\"Linkedin\" class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-block-coblocks-social__button wp-block-coblocks-social__button--linkedin has-padding\" style=\"border-radius:40px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__icon\"><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-social__text\">Linkedin<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"abstract\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Abstract<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Since 2020, the amount of medical waste from COVID testing worldwide has increased, generating 2,600 tons of non-infectious waste. This increase is damaging our environment and created a need for a more eco-friendly method of testing \u2014 biodegradable lateral flow assay based testing kits. Our goal is to create a COVID lateral flow assay which can degrade in soil or ground sewage water lines. Our team will create a device which can degrade naturally in six months to one year, be manufacturable at 10 cents per device, user friendly, and look similar to previous designs on the market, given the current constraints of creating a device which will be well received in lower-middle income countries (LMIC), including Kenya. To facilitate degradation, our team has discovered two enzymatic pathways which catalyze the initial degradation reaction of our chosen plastic material, PHB, for the major test kit components. When thinking about moisture in LMICs, we included a desiccant in our packaging to ensure no moisture would invade our device prior to use. Given the environment, creating a low-cost design is vital; however, given the biodegradability constraints which require more expensive materials, one may be at odds with the other. Since our main focus is biodegradability, our team is currently creating a proof of concept test; however, with additional work, we will utilize carbon quantum dot nanotechnology to create test lines in our lateral flow assay which can degrade simultaneously with other test components. Through our design process, we have begun prototyping all test components. Through this process, we have discovered limitations with 3D printing and other fabrication mechanisms as well as the chemical processes of proof of concept testing. With our future work, we will confirm the degradation ability as well as the sensitivity of our created lateral flow antigen test.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"problem-statement\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Problem Statement<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"is-style-default has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">While current lateral flow assay antigen tests are highly sensitive and strong for disease detection purposes, they are made with materials that are not environmentally friendly.\u00a0Our goal as a team is to create a COVID lateral flow assay antigen test that can degrade in a non-toxic manner in soil or ground sewage water lines while still maintaining low cost per unit and high sensitivity levels.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"rationale\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Rationale<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">When designing our device, we came up some needs and wants for our final product based on our customer\u2019s intent of distributing the devices to low-income communities with poor waste management techniques. We prioritized degradation within 6 months, all products and degradation byproducts having a toxicity of less than 10 ppm, and a familiar design to aid in user friendliness and combatting medical mistrust. Some of our wants include having a shelf-life of about 3 years (similar to current technology), a cost of about 10 cents per unit, and producing a test result within 15 minutes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>Rank<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Need<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Goal<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Want<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>Goal<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Fast Degradation Time\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u2264 6 months<\/td>\r\n<td>Long Shelf Life<\/td>\r\n<td>1.5 years<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Non-Toxic<\/td>\r\n<td>\u2264 10 ppm toxicity of byproducts\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td>Low Cost of Production<\/td>\r\n<td>~ $ 1.00 \/ device<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Familiar Appearance<\/td>\r\n<td>Similar appearance to rapid tests on the market<\/td>\r\n<td>Fast-to-Use<\/td>\r\n<td>10-15 minutes<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Rank Perceived Needs and Wants of our Device<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"prototype\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Prototype<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">We proposed to keep the current design of a COVID test while replacing the materials with biodegradable ones. For the test strip, the sample and absorbent pads are made from wood pulp sponges. The membrane pad uses cellulose-based materials that allows lfa and antibodies to adhere. Encasing the test strip is the PHB cassette and PVA bags are used in place of mylar. The buffer vial uses PHA for the body and PHB for the cap. The nasal swab is cotton tip swab with cellulose stick. The desiccant is replaced with nano charcoal in paper bags and the instruction will be printed using algae ink on water soluble papers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"556\" class=\"wp-image-119522\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cassette-1024x556.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cassette-1024x556.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cassette-300x163.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cassette-768x417.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/cassette-rotated.jpg 1144w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Cassette and Test Strip<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"600\" class=\"wp-image-119502\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/box-1024x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/box-1024x600.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/box-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/box-768x450.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/box.jpg 1037w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">COVID test kit box<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"testing\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Materials Properties and Degradation Testing<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Our design process began with the hydrophilicity testing of the new biodegradable materials, cellulose wood pulp sponges, to ensure that their functions or properties are not very different from the current sample and absorbent pads. After measuring the contact angle of several cellulose wood pulp sponges, we were able to finalize material selection that resembles the sample and absorbent pads in current COVID tests.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">COVID test devices rely on lateral flow assay (LFA) technology to detect COVID antibodies so it is necessary to ensure the new materials of the test strip can function properly as a LFA device. The test is a proof of concept test designed to mimic the negative and positive result of a COVID test in real life.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">To determine whether our materials of choice can biodegrade within the 6 months to 1 year time span, we set up degradation tests in various conditions to measure the dissolved O<sub>2<\/sub> concentration, mass loss, and surface roughness using confocal images of the PHB discs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><details>\r\n<summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\"><strong>Hydrophilicity Test<\/strong><\/summary>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">The team used an optical tensiometer from the Chemical Engineering department to make measurements of the contact angles between the water droplet and the materials at moment of contact. We measured the contact angles of the sample and absorbent pads used in current COVID test device and those of the novel materials in the test strip. Statistical analysis were performed on the contact angles of existing and proposed materials to ensure the proper function of the test strip. We anticipate performing a two sample t-test to evaluate the difference in hydrophilicity.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">The sessile drop method is a good measurement to quantify the hydrophilicity of a material as it measures how water interacts with the material. Since contact angle is proportional to the hydrophobicity of the materials, the bigger the contact angle, the more hydrophobic the material. It is determined that sponge 1 has similar hydrophilicity to the existing absorbent pad and sponge 3 has similar hydrophilicity to the existing sample pad.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"607\" class=\"wp-image-119362\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sessile-1024x607.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sessile-1024x607.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sessile-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sessile-768x455.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sessile-1536x910.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sessile-2048x1213.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sessile-1200x711.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/sessile-1980x1173.jpg 1980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Contact Angle of Existing and Proposed Test Strip Materials<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/details><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><details>\r\n<summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\"><strong>LFA Proof-of-concept Test<\/strong><\/summary>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">This test is a proof of concept test designed to mimic the negative and positive results of a COVID test in real life. In either case, the control line must show visual indications that the testing solution carries conjugates of COVID antigen as a control while the testing line must show visual indication only in the positive result case. The test was performed at normal room temperature of 20<sup>o<\/sup>C and atmospheric pressure of 1 atm. For both cases, the testing solution was made of luminol. In the positive result case, diluted hydrogen peroxide (&lt;3%) was added to the testing solution to mimic nasal fluid from COVID patients. The control line is made of litmus paper and is expected to show blue color indication as it detects basic luminol solution in both scenarios. The testing line is made of cellulose paper with traces of diluted FeSO<sub>4<\/sub> solution to represent COVID antibodies on the test line. In the negative result scenario, the test line remained white whereas in the positive result scenario, it became red. The difference in color of the control line (blue) and test line (red) is to ensure that customers do not misinterpret the test results, considering that the test is an over-the-counter device and will be used without the presence of medical professionals.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"wp-image-119402\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neg-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neg-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neg-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neg-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neg-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neg-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neg-1980x1485.jpg 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neg.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Negative Test Result<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"wp-image-119392\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pos-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pos-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pos-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pos-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pos-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pos-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pos-1980x1485.jpg 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pos-rotated.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Positive Test Result<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1080;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Neg1-1.mp4\" preload=\"auto\" loop=\"loop\" muted=\"\" controls=\"controls\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\"><\/video>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">LFA Negative Test Video<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video style=\"aspect-ratio: 1920 \/ 1080;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Pos1.mp4\" preload=\"auto\" loop=\"loop\" muted=\"\" controls=\"controls\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\"><\/video>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">LFA Positive Test Video<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/details><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><details>\r\n<summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\"><strong>Mechanical Test<\/strong><\/summary>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">One half of the PHB cassette underwent tensile testing, in which force was continually added to the cassette to determine the point at which the material began to weaken (ultimate strength). We found this value to be lower than other plastics, indicating our material is more brittle and susceptible to degradation by natural mechanical forces.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"699\" height=\"412\" class=\"wp-image-120082\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/stress.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/stress.jpg 699w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/stress-300x177.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 699px) 100vw, 699px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stress-Strain Curve of PHB<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/details><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item degradation has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><details>\r\n<summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\"><strong>Dissolved O<sub>2<\/sub> Concentration Test (ASTM D5511)<\/strong><\/summary>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">A PHB disc was placed in artificial seawater based on the ASTM standard D6691\u201317 recipe, along with septic bacteria. A hole was created in the container lid for the Vernier Oxygen Sensor Probe to be placed into, and this hole was sealed with parafilm to create anaerobic conditions. Over the course of a week, the dissolved O<sub>2<\/sub> concentration decreased by 1 mg\/L, suggesting the microbes are degrading the PHB for nutrients to stay alive and consuming the dissolved O<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"743\" height=\"547\" class=\"wp-image-119612\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/oxygen.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/oxygen.jpg 743w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/oxygen-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dissolved Oxygen Concentration over Time<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/details><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><details>\r\n<summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\"><strong>Mass Loss Test<\/strong><\/summary>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">For the mass loss test of our device, we performed a test similar to that of a soil burial test. It was carried out at room temperature (~20\u00b0C) and samples were covered with aluminum to protect them from UV light to simulate the conditions of a septic tank. The test was performed in triplicate per condition which include (A) a container with just PHB disc and the buffer solution, (B) a container with PHB disc, buffer solution, and distilled water, (C) a container with PHB disc, buffer solution, and water from the Genesee River, (D) a container with PHB disc, buffer solution, and sewage bacteria, (E) a container with PHB disc, buffer solution, distilled water, and sewage bacteria, and (F) a container with PHB disc, buffer solution, water from the Genesee River, and sewage bacteria. Containers that include the sewage bacteria was prepared by adding sewage bacteria under and on top of the PHB sample. The PHB discs were 3D printed and the sewage bacteria were obtained from septic tank treatment that contains live bacteria. The PHB discs were removed and weighed at intervals of 2 days for a timeline of 3-4 weeks to view both long term and short term degradation. The PHB discs were then be brushed softly, washed with distilled water several times, and dried with kimwipes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"589\" class=\"wp-image-119462\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mass-1-1024x589.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mass-1-1024x589.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mass-1-300x173.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mass-1-768x442.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mass-1-1536x883.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mass-1-2048x1178.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mass-1-1200x690.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/mass-1-1980x1139.jpg 1980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mass Change over Time<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/details><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><details>\r\n<summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\"><strong>Confocal Images of PHB Surfaces<\/strong><\/summary>\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">To quantify surface level changes in degradation, confocal imaging technology was utilized. Our team took images with magnification of 20x head on of the surface and several viewing angles in the lattice structure to be able to differentiate the breakdown of PHB. Additionally, we took images on a tilted surface stage to be able to see notches of degradation at the micron scale. The size of these notches as well as the different in surface roughness were quantified in post process image analysis in MATLAB in order to determine the amount of materials which was removed from the sample. The PHB discs were made of both circular and rectangular shapes in order to differentiate degradation between the surfaces and corners.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Through the confocal images we determined that the average surface roughness of PHB in control setting is 3.4 \u03bcm and in septic + river setting is 7.6 \u03bcm. In other words, the surface roughness of PHB in septic + river setting differs to the control setting by the amount of two times the standard deviation, meaning there is a statistical difference between the surface roughness of two samples. It could be concluded that PHB degrades in settings containing septic bacteria, which further reduces the overall degradation time.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">\u00a0<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"432\" height=\"464\" class=\"wp-image-121002\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/control-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/control-1.jpg 432w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/control-1-279x300.jpg 279w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Surface of PHB in Control Setting (scalebar of 100 \u03bcm)<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"422\" height=\"447\" class=\"wp-image-121012\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/test-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/test-1.jpg 422w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/test-1-283x300.jpg 283w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\" \/>\r\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Surface of PHB in Septic + River Water Setting (scalebar of 100 \u03bcm)<\/figcaption>\r\n<\/figure>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/details><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"limitation\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Limitation<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">It comes to our knowledge that we have limited time for the testing phase and more data needs to be collected before the precise degradation time is determined. Cost is also a problem since our goal was $1.00 per device and the estimated current cost of production is about $1.5 per device without distribution and regulatory costs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">The preservative currently used in testing buffer solution of COVID test, sodium azide (NaN<sub>3<\/sub>), does not degrade and is extremely toxic for human at concentration above 133 ppm. However, we believe the amount of NaN<sub>3<\/sub> in 0.3 mL of buffer solution is unlikely to be more toxic than most substances in the septic system. Temperature is also another concern as COVID devices should be stored in temperature ranging from 39 &#8211; 86 degrees Fahrenheit while Conex shipping containers can reach 135 degrees Fahrenheit (57 degrees Celsius).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"future\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Future<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-normal-font-size has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><strong>Testing Plans<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">As we have seen signs of degradation, we would like to continue the O<sub>2<\/sub> concentration measurements and mass loss degradation tests to have a better understanding of the total degradation time. We would also like to test the ability to adhere of gold nanoparticles and antibodies on cellulose-based materials to transit from a proof-of-concept device to a functional biodegradable COVID test.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\"><strong>Manufacturing Considerations<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">We would like to expand our market by adapting the device to be able to flush down U.S. septic systems, such as the LIA flushable pregnancy test that is currently on the market. We are looking into functionalizing the biodegradable quantum carbon dots to replace current non-degradable gold nanoparticles in antibody tagging as a mean to reduce manufacturing costs. Moreover, we are working on the injection molder capability of the PHB cassette and buffer vial to reach our goal of low production cost.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 id=\"acknowledgements\" class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font wp-block-heading\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">Acknowledgements<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p class=\"has-times-new-roman-font-family has-custom-font mb-0 pb-0 mt-0 pt-0\" style=\"font-family: Times New Roman;\">We would like to express our deepest appreciation to our customers Jeff Beard and Dr. Benjamin Miller for providing us the opportunity to work on an amazing project and assisting us during the testing phase of the project. We are extremely grateful to our supervisor Dr. Richard Waugh for guiding us throughout the project, providing us with constructive criticism, and pushing us to deliver our best. We would like to thank Dr. Anne Meyer for sharing her insights about biodegradable materials and providing feedback to our testing plan. Thank you to Martin Gira for providing the team with tools, equipment, and materials throughout the course of the project as well as your knowledge of 3D printing processes. We would like to extend our thanks and appreciation to Dr. Scott Seidman, Dr. Kanika Vats, Taimi Marple, and Mahllet Beyene for meeting with us throughout the past two semesters and providing us with helpful resources. Last but not least, we extend our gratitude to our colleagues who have contributed in various ways to make this project successful. Their valuable inputs and support have been invaluable to us.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Increase Accessibility to Healthcare CelluCov aims to provide sustainable solutions that are accessible to everyone, without sacrificing quality or performance of the device. While eco-friendlier manufacturing processes are often more&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6242,"featured_media":121102,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"Helvetica,Arial,Barlow Condensed,Helvetica,","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[56,2996,2956,3016,8782],"tags":[15712,15752,15732,15742,15762,15722,15682],"coauthors":[14752,8612],"class_list":["post-111092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bme-archive","category-community-engagement-archive","category-energy-environmental-archive","category-global-health-archive","category-student-competitions-archive","tag-biodegradable","tag-cellulose","tag-covid","tag-covid-test","tag-degradation","tag-lateral-flow-assay","tag-sustainability"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>CelluCov - Senior Design Day<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/cellucov\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"CelluCov - Senior Design Day\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Increase Accessibility to Healthcare CelluCov aims to provide sustainable solutions that are accessible to everyone, without sacrificing quality or performance of the device. 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