{"id":111712,"date":"2023-04-28T05:36:09","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T09:36:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/?p=111712"},"modified":"2024-03-04T12:59:45","modified_gmt":"2024-03-04T16:59:45","slug":"pupil-mask-mask-system-for-a-mems-dm-segmented-mirror-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/pupil-mask-mask-system-for-a-mems-dm-segmented-mirror-model\/","title":{"rendered":"Pupil mask mask system for a MEMS DM segmented mirror model"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">Antony Georgiadis<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mentors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Professor James Fienup and Joseph Tang<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Wavefront sensing via phase retrieval algorithms are critical to enabling the use of large aperture systems on the ground and in space as they allow users to get nanometer measurements of alignment errors without the need of another instrument like an interferometer. During the development process of new phase retrieval and other alignment algorithms it can be highly important to test on a physical system to verify the validity of the algorithms. The use of full-scale telescopes is unwieldy and make for a costly verification process, whereas small-scale models offer an alternative that is much more accessible. The addition of precision manufactured pupils and alignment of these pupils will allow for further exploration of systems that use slightly different geometries without having to purchase new MEMS devices or build larger scale models that would otherwise inhibit the rate of algorithm testing. In this thesis this is explored by replicating the pupil of the James Webb Space Telescope.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-58.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139552\" width=\"440\" height=\"462\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-58.png 482w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-58-286x300.png 286w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1. Set of large or segmented mirror telescopes that have been constructed or are proposed to be constructed[1]<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item\"><details open><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\">MEMS System<\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\n<p>The MEMS System consists of a single mode fiber that is collimated, which is representative of a point star, a wavefront sensing camera that is on a translation stage for performing focus diverse phase retrieval, a phase shifting interferometer system for verification and a Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) mirror consisting of 37 hexagonal segments that can be individually adjusted for Tip\/Tilt and Piston. This system is used to generate real world data and test the performance of phase retrieval algorithms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div aria-label=\"Carousel Gallery\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-carousel\"><div class=\"coblocks-gallery-carousel-swiper-container is-cropped coblocks-gallery has-no-alignment has-caption-style-dark has-horizontal-gutter has-no-thumbnails\"><div class=\"has-carousel has-carousel-lrg swiper-container\" data-swiper=\"{&quot;alignCells&quot;:false,&quot;autoPlay&quot;:false,&quot;autoPlaySpeed&quot;:3000,&quot;draggable&quot;:true,&quot;freeMode&quot;:false,&quot;loop&quot;:false,&quot;navigation&quot;:true,&quot;pageDots&quot;:false,&quot;pauseHover&quot;:false,&quot;responsiveHeight&quot;:false,&quot;slidesPerView&quot;:2,&quot;thumbnails&quot;:false,&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;12345&quot;}\" style=\"height:400px\"><div class=\"swiper-wrapper\"><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure has-margin-left-5 has-margin-left-mobile-5 has-margin-right-5 has-margin-right-mobile-5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"633\" height=\"421\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139572\" data-id=\"139572\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/?attachment_id=139572\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-59.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-59.png 633w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-59-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 633px) 100vw, 633px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption coblocks-gallery--primary-caption\">Figure 2. Labeled image of bench top setup of the model consisting of a wavefront sensing camera and phase shifting interferometry system.<\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\"><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"1\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure has-margin-left-5 has-margin-left-mobile-5 has-margin-right-5 has-margin-right-mobile-5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"432\" height=\"401\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139582\" data-id=\"139582\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/?attachment_id=139582\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-60.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-60.png 432w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-60-300x278.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><\/figure><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption coblocks-gallery--primary-caption\">Figure 3. Labeled System diagram of the model consisting of a wavefront sensing camera and phase shifting interferometry system.<\/figcaption><\/div><\/div><\/div><button class=\"nav-button__prev\" id=\"12345-prev\"><svg class=\"icon\" style=\"transform:rotate(180deg)\"><\/svg><\/button><button class=\"nav-button__next\" id=\"12345-next\"><svg class=\"icon\"><\/svg><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The original system has a circular aperture that would help block out undesired mirror segments. However, the extra segments are clearly not completely blocked, and struts are not represented as on the real telescope. The goal is to improve this by limiting the aperture to just the hexagons of interest, in addition to adding struts.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item\"><details open><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\">Phase Retrieval<\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\n<p>Light propagates through space as an electromagnetic wave and can be decomposed into an intensity component and a phase component. When we measure light with a detector like a CMOS or CCD array, we are only measuring the intensity or energy in the beam. For alignment purposes we would like to know the phase of the object, since the phase of the object is proportional to alignment error. Phase retrieval allows the user to take a traditional image which measures intensity and take advantage of known features about this image (e.g., aperture shape) in order retrieve this additional missing phase information.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"288\" height=\"211\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-27-at-4.26.20-PM.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139762\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Focus diverse phase retrieval for wavefront reconstruction is a special type of phase retrieval used for measuring aberrations in an optical system. It takes advantage of the way a wavefront changes through space as it propagates through focus to allow for more robust reconstruction. The process generally consists of first predicting a Zernike or other error in the pupil plane, propagating it to the different defocus planes, comparing that to measured intensity at each plane and then adjusting the prediction. In order to make those adjustments a non-linear optimization algorithm is used in conjunction with an error metric which also allows the algorithm to evaluate its progress.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"401\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-27-at-4.26.56-PM.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139772\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-27-at-4.26.56-PM.png 401w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-27-at-4.26.56-PM-300x203.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Demonstration of focus diverse phase retrieval and the error metric used for non-linear optimization<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item\"><details open><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\">Addition of the Pupil Mask<\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\n<p>In order to create a new mask a&nbsp; CAD model was created that consisted of many hexagonal segments and struts that could be easily manipulated and traced to create masks of various shapes and sizes.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"306\" height=\"197\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-69.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139832\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-69.png 306w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-69-300x193.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Screenshot of CAD model used for printing the mask to be sent out for fabrication<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The magnification of conjugate planes could be changed to tallow for larger masks that are easier to manufacture. However, a critical aspect to understand is how the change in magnification will impact the sampling ratio (Q-Factor) of the system. In order to perform phase retrieval generally a Q-Factor of 2 or more is required so when magnifying the pupil by changing the focal length of L4 the F\/# of the imaging system needs to changed accordingly to compensate.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-27-at-4.31.21-PM.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-139822\" width=\"475\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-27-at-4.31.21-PM.png 833w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-27-at-4.31.21-PM-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-27-at-4.31.21-PM-768x309.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 475px) 100vw, 475px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fabrication of two kinds of masks that came in time to go in the a system<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Once a design was created various materials were attempted to be fabricated at two different magnifications. Those included SLA 3D printing, Chrome on Glass and laser cut steel. Only the first two came in time for testing. The 3D printed plastic clearly has features that are far too par as shown above however the chrome on glass appears to perform quite well despite worried about reflections from the surface interfering with the measurements in the system. Testing of the final pupil mask in the system is still ongoing.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item\"><details open><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\">Algorithm Comparison<\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\n<p>The next portion of the project was to test out various non-linear optimizers which are used for retrieving the wavefront space from the Scipy.minimize library. During this process an initial set of piston only data was generated and retrieved to eliminate the worst algorithms on a smaller set. Then a set of data through 4th order zernikes was analyzed followed by a Piston\/Tip\/Tilt set that is representative of the departures that the MEMS system can make. The results of that analysis can be seen below.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"468\" height=\"366\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-88.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-88.png 468w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/image-88-300x235.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Performance of Algorithms compared in both time and accuracy of retrieval<\/em> for 0.1 STD waves of Piston<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.48.32-AM-1024x500.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.48.32-AM-1024x500.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.48.32-AM-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.48.32-AM-768x375.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.48.32-AM-1200x586.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.48.32-AM.png 1508w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>(a) Convergence rate for 4<sup>th<\/sup> Order Zernike\u2019s (b) Converged Final RMS WFE distribution, Table 1 Convergence rates from plot in Figure 15(a)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.49.51-AM-1024x682.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-144342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.49.51-AM-1024x682.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.49.51-AM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.49.51-AM-768x511.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.49.51-AM-1200x799.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Screenshot-2023-04-28-at-1.49.51-AM.png 1508w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Convergence rate for Tip\/Tilt and 0.1 Piston Error (b) Convergence rate for Tip\/Tilt and 0.15 Piston Error, Table of Convergence rates from plots <\/em>above<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item\"><details open><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\">Conclusions<\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\n<p>During this project a system for fabricating pupils to work with MEMS devices for phase retrieval was generated and tested. The optimal material for creating this pupils currently appears to be chrome on glass due to it&#8217;s shorter lead times however, it should be noted that a slight tilt of the mask is required to eliminate reflections from going through the system. From the algorithm analysis it was found that L-BFGS is the best algorithm available in the Scipy.minimize library which aligns with what the group had previously found.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item\"><details open><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__title\">Acknowledgments<\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item__content\">\n<p>Thank you to Prof. Fienup and Joseph Tang for their help and guidance on this project as well as to Jennifer Krushwitz, Ed Herger and James Alkins for their assistance in sourcing parts and fixing old components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Antony Georgiadis Mentors Professor James Fienup and Joseph Tang Abstract Wavefront sensing via phase retrieval algorithms are critical to enabling the use of large aperture systems on the ground and&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6242,"featured_media":95552,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[136,2976],"tags":[15772],"coauthors":[8612],"class_list":["post-111712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-opt-ope-archive","category-optical-archive","tag-optics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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