{"id":215712,"date":"2026-05-04T11:39:26","date_gmt":"2026-05-04T15:39:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/?p=215712"},"modified":"2026-05-04T14:20:26","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T18:20:26","slug":"using-cavity-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-for-the-detection-of-hydrogen-isotopologue","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/using-cavity-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-for-the-detection-of-hydrogen-isotopologue\/","title":{"rendered":"Using Cavity Enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection of Hydrogen isotopologue"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This project is developing a Raman spectroscopy system to measure hydrogen isotopologue concentrations in the gas phase, focusing on hydrogen isotope processing at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE). Accurate measurement of hydrogen isotope composition is important for maintaining fuel quality in deuterium\u2013tritium (DT) fusion experiments, because even small changes in isotope ratios can significantly affect performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The system will measure the relative concentrations of hydrogen isotopologues (H2, D2, T2, and their mixed species) in a flowing gas stream using a compact, noninvasive optical setup. Since the Raman scattering signal of hydrogen is weak, the project will explore ways to enhance the optical signal, such as using a near-resonant confocal optical cavity. These methods increase the amount of laser light that interacts with the gas sample, thereby improving measurement sensitivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The system is designed to work in a 1 cm gas cell with continuous flow and achieve integration times of less than 10 minutes. This allows for near-real-time monitoring of isotope composition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Inelastic scattering in a molecule has a low probability. When a photon hits a molecule, elastic scattering happens. The molecule absorbs light, then emits a photon via elastic scattering. In this thesis, all collected Raman scattering is Stokes scattering, which is more likely to occur at room temperature. Raman spectroscopy has been used most often in solid materials because molecules are more densely packed in solids.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Identifying the Raman signal of a gas is difficult because of the separation between molecules. The Raman scattering probability for hydrogen and its isotopes is very low as a result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Raman shift of the hydrogen isotopologue has been measured and calibrated in the previous studies; the spectrum is given below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"904\" height=\"726\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-183.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-248922\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.2451938666790199;width:467px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-183.png 904w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-183-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-183-768x617.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 904px) 100vw, 904px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Raman Cross-section<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ramen cross-section is the probability of scattering molecules in a cross-section into a certain solid angle, so the units are noted by cm<sup>2<\/sup>\/Sr.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This shows how many molecules will be scattered into a cross-sectional area and into a certain solid angle. For the Raman scattering of a hydrogen isotope, it\u2019s an isotropic scattering to 4\u03c0 in all directions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Raman scattered signal are defined by the following equation:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"522\" height=\"92\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/\u622a\u5c4f2026-05-04-\u4e0a\u53487.58.02.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-249002\" style=\"aspect-ratio:5.67450611476952;width:312px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/\u622a\u5c4f2026-05-04-\u4e0a\u53487.58.02.png 522w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/\u622a\u5c4f2026-05-04-\u4e0a\u53487.58.02-300x53.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 522px) 100vw, 522px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The detected Raman signal flux can be approximated as where \u03a6<sub>in<\/sub> is the laser intensity coming in, \u00a0d\u03c3\/d\u03a9\u00a0 is the Raman scattering cross section per Steradian, 4\u03c0\u00a0Steradian introduces Raman scattering from gas molecules occurring into all directions in space<strong>, <\/strong>n is the molecular number density of the gas, and L is the interaction length between the laser and the gas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Collection Geometry:<\/strong><br>There are two ways to collect light from the cavity. The geometries are shown in the diagram below. The geometry shown in (a) collects the scattering light from the 90\u00b0 angle, and the fiber is imaged from the side of the gas cell. In the (b) geometry, the fiber is imaged on axis aligned with both the mirrors and the gas cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"728\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-185-1024x728.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-249032\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4062622616338383;width:627px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-185-1024x728.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-185-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-185-768x546.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-185.png 1530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br>A difference in the collection geometry will result in a difference in the effective volume from which the Raman scattered light is collected. In the 90-degree geometry, shown above, the fiber views the intersection of the two cylinders, which is a simplification of the Raman-scattered light and the 532nm excitation light through a side window.\u00a0The 0-degree\u00a0collection geometry sees the entire effective length of the cavity. There is only one custom-coating mirror allowed for this experiment, so the 90-degree geometry is considered for this purpose. If the 0-degree\u00a0 geometry is used, M1 would be transmissive at 532nm and reflective from 580nm to 700nm, and M2 would be reflective at 532nm and partially transmissive from 580nm to 700nm, which would require two custom coatings to be calculated for optimal efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>System Diagram<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The proposed design are listed in the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-184-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-249022\" style=\"width:567px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-184-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-184-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-184-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-184.png 1110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong> <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A 532 nm laser is coupled through lens into a near-confocal cavity containing the gas cell. Raman-scattered light exits at 90<sup>o<\/sup>, passes through lens L2 and a notch filter, and is collected by a multimode fiber feeding an Ocean Optics QE Pro spectrometer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">1. Niemes, S. Calibration of a Laser-Raman-System Using Gas Samples of All h&#8230;, Karlsruher Instituts f\u00fcr Technologie (KIT), 2021. https:\/\/publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu\/1000128966.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">2. Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach, E. Smith and G. Dent<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">3. Priester, F.; Marsteller, A.; Niemes, S.; Tuchscherer, N.; Welte, S. \u00b5RA\u2014A New Compact Easy-to-Use Raman System for All Hydrogen Isotopologues. Sensors (Basel) 2022, 22 (10), 3952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22103952.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">4. Siegman, A. E. (1986). Lasers. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Summary This project is developing a Raman spectroscopy system to measure hydrogen isotopologue concentrations in the gas phase, focusing on hydrogen isotope processing at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE).&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18682,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4452,7692,7892],"tags":[],"coauthors":[23722],"class_list":["post-215712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-current-year","category-optsd","category-opt-thesis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Using Cavity Enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection of Hydrogen isotopologue - Senior Design Day<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/using-cavity-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-for-the-detection-of-hydrogen-isotopologue\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Using Cavity Enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection of Hydrogen isotopologue - Senior Design Day\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Summary This project is developing a Raman spectroscopy system to measure hydrogen isotopologue concentrations in the gas phase, focusing on hydrogen isotope processing at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE).&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/using-cavity-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-for-the-detection-of-hydrogen-isotopologue\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Senior Design Day\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-05-04T15:39:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-05-04T18:20:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/image-183-904x630.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"904\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Chen-Lin Liu\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Chen-Lin Liu\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/using-cavity-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-for-the-detection-of-hydrogen-isotopologue\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/using-cavity-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-for-the-detection-of-hydrogen-isotopologue\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Chen-Lin Liu\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/09382860e211dafaaae5af06529e6d1c\"},\"headline\":\"Using Cavity Enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the detection of Hydrogen isotopologue\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-04T15:39:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-05-04T18:20:26+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/using-cavity-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-for-the-detection-of-hydrogen-isotopologue\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":743,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/using-cavity-enhanced-raman-spectroscopy-for-the-detection-of-hydrogen-isotopologue\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\\\/senior-design-day\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/image-183.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"1. 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