{"id":63932,"date":"2022-04-20T10:01:56","date_gmt":"2022-04-20T14:01:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/?p=63932"},"modified":"2022-09-12T11:02:38","modified_gmt":"2022-09-12T15:02:38","slug":"characterization-of-oxygen-transfer-rates-in-viscous-fluids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/characterization-of-oxygen-transfer-rates-in-viscous-fluids\/","title":{"rendered":"Characterization of the Oxygen Transfer Rates in Viscous Fluids"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Team Chocolate <\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/Xdj_4MRYIDNAtTnfRHdecvo_KyjLhHX0EWid4JMmx2cNehRwQ4axmzKN1UfsPoa2njk1faht1eCLG5chv6KQGwyjIx77kzi2tbrfZkCCSsx6q3J3ahwUIx-Xh3jOXbAaordI9uyQEz168st36K1VRQ\" style=\"width: 85px;\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Paige Gardner<\/li><li>Grace Mueller<\/li><li>Shannon Murty<\/li><li>Nathan Tran<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Advisors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Faculty: David Foster, Mark Juba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>TA: Jerardo Salgado<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sponsored by <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"216px;\" height=\"40px;\" src=\"https:\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/frzIxqQIlUk2BucVsXjJrV2nBXuYqYIg5O9DxcpiYJXIKHJFU5TZSEseE11u6ChzdGqbFBPgUKgq0G9t0Atr90rhygrbX3fVnoIuNuahm0mkWgVHgxfEvQpokKNHjjeo_WhetMH4gZFYp6Q-gybi0Q\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sarah Lanzafame, Kevin Logsdon<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Abstract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This project aimed to design a continuous method of determining the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) in viscous fluids. The sponsor, SPX FLOW, has developed a steady state excess sodium sulfite reaction method to measure OTR using a standard oxygen probe. However this is  incompatible with the inert viscosity modifier, polyethylene glycol (PEG). Because of this, Team Chocolate has decided to pursue the option of sodium sulfite detection using a UVC light sensor that can be run continuously with the reaction in place of the oxygen probe. It has been shown that there is an inverse relationship between the sensor&#8217;s output voltage and the sulfite concentration. Using the sulfite sensor along with a manual sulfite test kit, it was determined that OTR decreases with an increase in fluid viscosity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Steady-State Excess Sodium Sulfite Method<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The steady-state excess sodium sulfite method used by SPX FLOW to characterize the OTR is represented in <em>Equation 1<\/em>. It begins with aerating a tank of water in the presence of a cobalt chloride catalyst (CoCl<sub>2<\/sub>\u00b76H<sub>2<\/sub>O). When the sodium sulfite is added, the O<sub>2<\/sub> concentration rapidly decreases until it reaches a steady minimum. This is where the OTR is assumed to be constant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">2Na<sub>2<\/sub> SO<sub>3<\/sub>+O<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0 \u2192 2Na<sub>2<\/sub> SO<sub>4<\/sub>      <em>(Equation 1)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-176-1024x579.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-101832\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-176-1024x579.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-176-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-176-768x435.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-176-1536x869.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-176-2048x1159.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-176-1200x679.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-176-1980x1120.png 1980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 1: Steady-State Excess Sodium Sulfite Reaction O<sub>2<\/sub> Concentration.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>SPX FLOW aims to characterize the OTR in this reaction in fluids more viscous than water. In 2021, University of Rochester CHE Senior Design Team Whomping Willow determined that polyethylene glycol (PEG) would modify the working fluid&#8217;s viscosity without interfering with this reaction. Since O<sub>2 <\/sub>sensors are incompatible with PEG, Team Chocolate hypothesized that the OTR could be achieved by following the other reactant in this equation: sodium sulfite. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sodium Sulfite Mass Balance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A mass balance on the system allowed <em>Equation 2<\/em> to be determined:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">d[O<sub>2<\/sub>]\/dt = k<sub>L<\/sub>A([O<sub>2<\/sub>] &#8211; [O2<sup>*<\/sup>]) &#8211; k<sub>rxn<\/sub>[Na<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub>]<sup>2<\/sup>[O<sub>2<\/sub>]     <em>(Equation 2)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the steady-state region, d[O<sub>2<\/sub>]\/dt = 0, so here the OTR can be calculated using the change in the concentration of sulfite over time:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">OTR = (-1\/2)(d[SO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup> ]\/dt) \u2245 (-1\/2)(\u2206[SO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>]\/\u2206t)      <em>(Equation 3)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Basis of Design<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Team Chocolate&#8217;s goal this semester was to design a way to continuously detect the concentration of sodium sulfite over the course of this reaction. This method would use <em>Equation 3 <\/em>to obtain the OTR with an associated confidence interval. In order to improve upon the O<sub>2 <\/sub>sensor&#8217;s capabilities, Team Chocolate&#8217;s design will also have to be compatible with the viscosity modifier, PEG. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It was hypothesized with the help of Professor Doug Kelley that the sulfite concentration could be detected by means of light absorbance. Team Whomping Willow had previously determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) that in aqueous solution, sodium sulfite absorbed around a 275 nm wavelength. Team Chocolate then began work to make a UVC LED sensor with the following hypotheses:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>#<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Hypothesis<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Testing Method<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>ABS \u2260 f(PEG Concentration)<\/td><td>The absorbance of sulfite will not be a function of PEG concentration.<\/td><td>HPLC and UV-Vis<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>TR(Sulfite) \u2245 2 x OTR (Oxygen)<\/td><td>The sulfite transfer rate will be approximately twice the OTR.<\/td><td>Sulfite Strips and Test Kit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>TR(Sulfite) = constant<\/td><td>The sulfite transfer rate will be constant at steady state.<\/td><td>Sulfite Strips and Test Kit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>TR(Sulfite) = f(Viscosity)<\/td><td>The sulfite transfer rate will be a function of viscosity.<\/td><td>Sulfite Sensor and Test Kit<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Table 1: Team Chocolate&#8217;s Hypotheses<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Determing Sulfite Detection as a Viable Method: <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">UV-Vis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Team Chocolate was able to run samples of sulfite, PEG and cobalt chloride catalyst throught the HPLC. Results suggested that both sulfite and PEG had a strong absorbance at both 265 and 275 nm. LEDs at both of these wavelengths were ordered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To follow up, samples were run through the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer in the Yates Lab. At very dilute concentrations, sulfite started absorbing below 250 nm. The same was true for much more concentrated solutions of PEG. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sulfite Test Kit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A sulfite test kit was used over the course of the reaction by taking out samples every 30 seconds once the sodium sulfite was added. The color change would indicate the ppm of sulfite in the sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"336\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-187-1024x336.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-102992\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-187-1024x336.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-187-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-187-768x252.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-187.png 1064w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 2: Sulfite Test Kit Results<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The sulfite test kit also worked when PEG was present. Two different concentrations of PEG was used for the following trials: one that modified the viscosity to 10 cp and one that modified it to 13.5 cp. These values were obtained by using a viscometer on a sample of the reaction fluid. When 8.3 grams of sodium sulfite was added to 16.6 L of water and 0.02 g of cobalt chloride catalyst, the OTR was calculated from the slope of the test kit data. The results are summarized below:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"999\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-188-999x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103002\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-188-999x1024.png 999w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-188-293x300.png 293w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-188-768x787.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-188-1200x1230.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-188.png 1413w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 3: Test Kit Mean OTR Results<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A T-Test was performed on the average OTR determined by the test kit and the actual OTR determined by the O<sub>2 <\/sub>sensor (or sulfite sensor in trials with PEG). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Null Hypothesis: The OTR result from the oxygen\/sulfite sensor is the same as the OTR result from the sulfite test kit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Trial #<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Mean Test Kit OTR<\/strong><strong>(mol\/L*s)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Actual OTR<\/strong><strong>(mol\/L*s)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>P-Value<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>45 &#8211; Water<\/td><td>4.01 E-6<\/td><td>4.96 E-6&nbsp;<\/td><td>0.511<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>71 &#8211; PEG (10 cp)<\/td><td>2.78 E-6<\/td><td>3.24 E-6<\/td><td>0.694<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>75 &#8211; PEG (13.5 cp)<\/td><td>2.84 E-6<\/td><td>2.84 E-6<\/td><td>0.997<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Table 2: Accuracy of Test Kit Results<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p> In trials with water, the high p-value indicates that the test kit OTR is not statistically different from the actual OTR. In trials with PEG, the high p-values indicate that the sulfite sensor prototype measures the concentration of sulfite to give an OTR similar to the test kit. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This indicates that monitoring the sulfite concentration can yield accurate OTR results. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Experimental Set Up<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-182-1024x538.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-102592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-182-1024x538.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-182-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-182-768x404.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-182-1536x807.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-182-1200x631.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-182.png 1825w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 4: Experimental Set-Up<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The above figure shows the experimental set up that Team Chocolate used. In the center, there was a Lightnin Mixer and 4-baffled tank with gas sparger supplied by SPX FLOW. The left of the image shows the O<sub>2<\/sub> probe set up with LabVIEW on the computer monitor to collect sensor data. The right shows the pump, power supply, and UVC LED sensor designed by Team Chocolate. In a standard trial, the RPM = 250, pump flow rate = 5.12 mL\/s, air flow rate = 0.082 SCFM, and power supply = 5.6-5.7 V. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p>The sensor&#8217;s design started out in a C-shape that would be mounted in the tank to give continuous readings. One side would house the LED and the receiver would be mounted on the other end. This shape would allow reaction fluid to flow between the LED&#8217;s light path to the receiver. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/75qg9Ru_DmItTyaJR3krKkxzN0XsFS0vQ4JNdXCmKGuc7eT7mJLOS6RrrH7NotBN35UauhRAdHkfaj9MPM_iCkfFb9U-fZa0vVerDVevNTEd5iI-WRU-7jZK6z_TaXeRlRTf07ZMNMM6dgd5Ju9lWA\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Figure 5: Initial Sensor Sketch<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The final design of the sulfite sensor was influenced by several factors: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The sensor utilizes UVC LEDs with a wavelength of 265nm and 275nm. This light source is harmful to the eyes and skin when directly exposed. This necessitates that the sensor be completely closed in a black box to avoid exposure. <\/li><li>Because of the black box constraint, it was determined that the sensor should be mounted externally, and the reaction fluid would be pumped through the flow cell using a peristaltic pump. <\/li><li>The final factor was the heat transfer of the LED, which when on generates 4.2 watts of power. In order to dissipate the heat generated the sensor was mounted to a cooling system that will keep the LED at an optimal operating temperature below 50 \u2103.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>The 3D models of the final sensor design below were graciously provided by Professor Kelley:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-190-1024x647.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103272\" width=\"615\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-190-1024x647.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-190-300x190.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-190-768x485.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-190-1536x970.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-190-2048x1294.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-190-1200x758.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-190-1980x1251.png 1980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 6: Flow Cell Cross Section<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/1zIWgn7BsHvn8AK3EitkScWz4OsG447f7XW3iU1I3_599U_XAH5aZ7i7lTR23OhMU___ylw39cqVxPHUWOF6r6WvqwcAsEGSTZHQb_OB91L4j8C3BF9LyVXCc-jvnWLTRX96Ir7vcdIiewaD05-oMg\" alt=\"\" width=\"610\" height=\"526\"\/><figcaption>Figure 7: Sensor Top View<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-192-1024x773.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103372\" width=\"610\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-192-1024x773.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-192-300x227.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-192-768x580.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-192-1536x1160.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-192-2048x1547.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-192-1200x906.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-192-1980x1495.png 1980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 8: Flow Cell <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The final design had quartz microscope slides adhered to the flow cell body with RTV. The metal fittings also were sealed along the threads with RTV. In order to prevent the cell from leaking, it was printed with ASA and was painted with acetone to slightly dissolve the cell body. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"566\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-193-1024x566.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-193-1024x566.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-193-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-193-768x424.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-193-1536x848.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-193-1200x663.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-193-1980x1093.png 1980w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-193.png 1990w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 9: Deconstructed Sensor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The sensor was then mounted vertially to prevent air bubbles from getting trapped. It was hooked up to the pump with reaction fluid and the chiller. The LED was connected to the power supply and the receiver was connected to the LabJack.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh4.googleusercontent.com\/tzP0SniFuUQxEx74JSFMQ0Tc3AFVVm1VAcXP-ujNQgGbuFYvodCxGtSS8y-PxHlhlygCczjHFDItbQat4VRdjfdi7g-qZvuW5z17ZvfTOhtbIyzAZ-RJALeJqnarC4gob22W6ck9DuCzhhWcQa3PBg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Figure 10: Vertically Mounted Sensor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The figure below show the final P&amp;ID for this system:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/lh6.googleusercontent.com\/N-zL87KrtdBP0fmwC8ss90sgQP2ovwkaeMguwWPyOkcyl3fBNEodWo18v3xrdKc5ZMtqQJPwPPdy7XmDGkF0-fsV-EAHVsUv5g05v7UHDgFYQVT9T9wB_meGKUOoHQpS3PCyBBUunGAtsbvIvVPsLw\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>Figure 11: Final P&amp;ID<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sulfite Sensor Results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"583\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-197-1024x583.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-197-1024x583.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-197-300x171.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-197-768x437.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-197-1200x683.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-197.png 1411w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 12: 265 nm Sensor Results with Sulfite Test Kit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The data above shows that the sensor was at least able to detect a change in the sulfite concentration as the reaction went on. There were two major dips in the sulfite concentration during the reaction. This is indicative of a two-step reaction: one step where O<sub>2<\/sub> is consumed, and another where the intermediate creates sulfate:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Step 1: SO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>+O<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 SO<sub>5<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>\u00a0 (fast)     <em>(Equation 4)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">Step 2: SO<sub>5<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>+Na<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup> \u2192 Na<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sup>4<\/sup>\u00a0 (slow)     <em>(Equation 5)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The timer was stopped approximately when the second sulfite dip levels off. Further testing has shown that in the presence of PEG, there is only one dip that remains low for the course of the reaction:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-195-1024x573.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-195-1024x573.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-195-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-195-768x430.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-195-1200x672.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-195.png 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 13: 10 cp Trial with 275 nm Sensor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"590\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-196-1024x590.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-103502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-196-1024x590.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-196-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-196-768x443.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-196-1200x692.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/image-196.png 1455w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>Figure 14: 13.5 cp Trial with 275 nm Sensor<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Both the slopes changing of the sulfite test kit data and the shape of the sulfite sensor curves suggest that more complex chemistry is occurring here than originally hypothesized. The difference in sensor shapes when PEG is and is not present is indicative that there may be a UV-absorbative intermediate that results when PEG is present. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> It is also worth noting that as the viscosity increased, the reaction time also increased. Student&#8217;s t-tests between the water OTR with the 10 cp OTR and the 13.5 cp OTR yielded p-values of 0.03 and 0.009, respectively. This shows that the OTRs of viscous fluids are significantly different than with water. Smaller bubbles were observed during higher viscosity trials and the surface tension was calculated and determined to be lower than water without PEG. Further testing and bubble radius calculations are recommended to better characterize the effect PEG has on this reaction. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusions &amp; Future Recommendations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The sulfite sensor could indicate an increase and decrease in the sulfite concentration with a decrease and increase in output voltage, respectively. When PEG was added, the sulfite sensor and test kit were able to be used to calculate the OTR. Future teams should account for the surface tension of the reaction fluid and bubble size to better characterize the OTR. This could be influencing the difference between the actual OTR from the O<sub>2 <\/sub>sensor and the calculated one. Team Chocolate recommends that future teams maintain a larger stock of PEG for future trials and analysis. The sensor data suggests that PEG could be optically and\/or chemically altering this reaction, so future teams should work to analyze how PEG interacts and if there are any alternative viscosity modifiers. Teams can also work to obtain more UV-Vis spectra and analyze the reaction kinetics to troubleshoot unexpected outputs of the sulfite sensor. It is also worth suggesting that increasing the pH of the sulfite samples could have an effect on the UV-Vis data. The type of filament used to make the cell should also be taken into consideration to minimize leakage and noise. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acknowledgements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Special thanks to <strong>Professor Doug Kelley<\/strong> for his immense help in providing the design and drawings for the sulfite sensor as well as helping to 3-D print and assemble it.\u00a0<\/li><li>We would like to thank our advisors <strong>Professor Mark Juba <\/strong>and <strong>Professor David Foster<\/strong>.<\/li><li>Special thanks to <strong>Clair Cunningham, Mason Garlatti, Jeff Lefler, <\/strong>and <strong>Zhengfu Huang<\/strong> for their help in the lab as well.\u00a0<\/li><li>Thank you to our course instructor <strong>Professor Melodie Lawton<\/strong> and <strong>TA Jerardo Salgado<\/strong> for your advice and help along the way.\u00a0<\/li><li>Finally, thank you to our sponsors <strong>Sarah Lanzafame<\/strong> and <strong>Kevin Logsdon <\/strong>for allowing us to work on this project. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>1) De Waal, K. J. A., and J. C. Okeson. \u201cThe Oxidation of Aqueous Sodium Sulphite Solutions.\u201d <em>Chemical Engineering<\/em> <em>Science<\/em> 21, no. 6 (June 1, 1966): 559\u201372.<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0009-2509(66)85070-4\"> https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0009-2509(66)85070-4<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) Lanzafame, S. Impact of Increasing Viscosity on Measured Oxygen Transfer Rates. <em>Senior Design Project Review.<\/em> SPX FLOW. University of Rochester, 2020.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3) Tenhaeff, Wyatt. \u201cLecture 5.\u201d <em>CHE 231: Reactor Design. <\/em>University of Rochester. February 16, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4) \u201cUltraviolet Light Safety Guidelines.\u201d <em>Environmental Health &amp; Safety: Occupational Safety: UV Light Guidelines<\/em>, 9 Aug. 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5) \u201cWhat Codes and Regulations Exist Governing the Use of UV Systems in Buildings?: UV Disinfection Products: Lighting Answers: NLPIP.\u201d What Codes and Regulations Exist Governing the Use of UV Systems in Buildings? | UV Disinfection Products | Lighting Answers | NLPIP, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6) Whomping Willow. \u201cCharacterization of Oxygen Mass Transfer in Viscous Fluids.\u201d <em>CHE 255: Senior Design<\/em>. University of Rochester. Spring 2021.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7) Yan, Ning. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, (2010), 49(32), 5549-5553, S5549\/1-S5549\/13, CAplus, Accessed March 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8) Yang, Zhenhua &amp; Zhang, Yuexia &amp; Zhang, Quanxi &amp; Pei, Tianxing &amp; Meng, Ziqiang. (2013). Effect of HCl on Spectral Properties of Sulfur Dioxide and its Derivatives Dissolved in Water. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 18. 92\u201399. 10.1016\/j.proenv.2013.04.013. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One or two sentence description of the project.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6242,"featured_media":39542,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[76],"tags":[],"coauthors":[8612],"class_list":["post-63932","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-che-archive"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Characterization of the Oxygen Transfer Rates in Viscous Fluids - 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