{"id":74,"date":"2021-03-17T17:42:14","date_gmt":"2021-03-17T21:42:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/?p=74"},"modified":"2022-04-13T10:47:03","modified_gmt":"2022-04-13T14:47:03","slug":"niffler","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/niffler\/","title":{"rendered":"Separating PFAS from Landfill Wastewater"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Authors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author\"><figure class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__avatar\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/headshot.jpg\" alt=\"<em&gt;Justin King<\/em&gt;\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__content\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__name\"><em>Justin King<\/em><\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author\"><figure class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__avatar\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/2020-headshot.jpg\" alt=\"<em&gt;Ashley Sibanda<\/em&gt;\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__content\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__name\"><em>Ashley Sibanda<\/em><\/span>\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/gamuchirai-ashley-sibanda-180140080\/\">LINKEDIN<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author\"><figure class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__avatar\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Headshot-4_21.png\" alt=\"<em&gt;Claire Wilson<\/em&gt;\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__content\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__name\"><em>Claire Wilson<\/em><\/span>\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/claire-v-wilson\/ noopener\">LINKEDIN<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Project Sponsor<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author\" style=\"font-size:28px\"><figure class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__avatar\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__avatar-img\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/WM-logo.jpg\" alt=\"Waste Management\"\/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__content\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__name\">Waste Management<\/span><p class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__biography\"><em>Nicole Simonetti<br\/>David Cross<br\/>Karin Klock<\/em><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-accordion-item\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">On-Campus Mentors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author has-normal-font-size\"><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__content\"><span class=\"wp-block-coblocks-author__name\"><em>Mark Juba and Rachel Monfredo<\/em><\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-carousel\"><div class=\"is-cropped coblocks-gallery has-no-alignment has-caption-style-dark\"><div class=\"has-carousel has-carousel-lrg\" style=\"height:400px\" data-flickity=\"{&quot;autoPlay&quot;:false,&quot;draggable&quot;:true,&quot;pageDots&quot;:false,&quot;prevNextButtons&quot;:true,&quot;wrapAround&quot;:true,&quot;cellAlign&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;pauseAutoPlayOnHover&quot;:false,&quot;freeScroll&quot;:false,&quot;arrowShape&quot;:{&quot;x0&quot;:10,&quot;x1&quot;:60,&quot;y1&quot;:50,&quot;x2&quot;:65,&quot;y2&quot;:45,&quot;x3&quot;:20},&quot;thumbnails&quot;:false,&quot;responsiveHeight&quot;:false}\"><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/team-pic-855x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1302\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/qrf-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-1302\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/received_473364913850767-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"192\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/received_473364913850767\/\" class=\"wp-image-192\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/IMG_20210419_150857-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"188\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/rpt-3\/\" class=\"wp-image-188\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/IMG_20210324_134345-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"181\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/img_20210324_134345\/\" class=\"wp-image-181\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/IMG_20210419_150850-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"187\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/rpt-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-187\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/IMG_20210326_113717-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"182\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/img_20210326_113717\/\" class=\"wp-image-182\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/IMG_20210212_102437-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"174\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/img_20210212_102437\/\" class=\"wp-image-174\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/IMG_20210402_133637-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"184\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/img_20210402_133637\/\" class=\"wp-image-184\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/received_292779525836643-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"191\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/received_292779525836643\/\" class=\"wp-image-191\"\/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption coblocks-gallery--primary-caption\"><span style=\"color:#f7f1f1\" class=\"has-inline-color\">The team: Samping and laboratory experiments<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic compounds that are of increasing environmental concern due to their harmful effects on humans and ecosystems. Because of their common usage in products like cookware and waterproof coating, PFAS frequently end up in landfills, where they will make their way into the wastewater stream known as leachate. The presence of PFAS in leachate is not currently regulated, but guidelines are anticipated within the year of 2021, meaning in situ treatment may be required. Team Niffler tested and compared two methods of PFAS removal using activated carbon and foam separation. Results received thus far show that foaming is an effective means to remove 67% overall PFAS, excluding PFOA, with which we had contamination problems. Leachate treated with only GAC had an overall removal rate of 75%, whereas both treatments together yielded a lower removal rate at 64%. These results generally suggest that both methods may be viable for PFAS removal at the landfill.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Project Background<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sponsor Requirements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"is-style-checkbox wp-block-list\"><li>Characterize levels of PFAS in a specific landfill site<\/li><li>Recommend treatment methods to reach projected regulation limits<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Project Motivation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>PFAS have a number of adverse health effects on the human body, illustrated in the graphic below<sup>5<\/sup>. These health effects make the removal of PFAS a critical area for research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"726\" height=\"622\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Effects-of-PFAS-on-human-health-cut.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-760\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Effects-of-PFAS-on-human-health-cut.png 726w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Effects-of-PFAS-on-human-health-cut-300x257.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"533\" height=\"642\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pfas-cycle.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-407 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pfas-cycle.jpg 533w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/pfas-cycle-249x300.jpg 249w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 533px) 100vw, 533px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The flowchart to the left shows how PFAS cycles and ends up in residential homes. The main stakeholders involved in this issue are the landfill corporation Waste Management, the downstream water treatment plant, and the nearby town of Perinton. Our sponsors being the Waste Management team, we mainly consider the landfill itself in our project scope and will make recommendations based on their best interest (i.e. low cost, low maintenance, etc.) However, our results potentially affect everyone in this cycle and will help keep consumers downstream safe.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technical Approach<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stage I: Sampling &amp; Characterization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Before testing removal methods, the level of PFAS in the landfill&#8217;s leachate had to be characterized. With the help of Brian McGrath, we sampled from the leachate well on site. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-carousel\"><div class=\"is-cropped coblocks-gallery has-no-alignment has-caption-style-dark has-horizontal-gutter\"><div class=\"has-carousel has-carousel-lrg\" style=\"height:400px\" data-flickity=\"{&quot;autoPlay&quot;:false,&quot;draggable&quot;:true,&quot;pageDots&quot;:false,&quot;prevNextButtons&quot;:true,&quot;wrapAround&quot;:true,&quot;cellAlign&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;pauseAutoPlayOnHover&quot;:false,&quot;freeScroll&quot;:false,&quot;arrowShape&quot;:{&quot;x0&quot;:10,&quot;x1&quot;:60,&quot;y1&quot;:50,&quot;x2&quot;:65,&quot;y2&quot;:45,&quot;x3&quot;:20},&quot;thumbnails&quot;:false,&quot;responsiveHeight&quot;:false}\"><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure has-margin-left-5 has-margin-left-mobile-5 has-margin-right-5 has-margin-right-mobile-5\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/IMG_20210212_102509-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"178\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/img_20210212_102509\/\" class=\"wp-image-178\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure has-margin-left-5 has-margin-left-mobile-5 has-margin-right-5 has-margin-right-mobile-5\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"769\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screenshot-2021-04-29-144853-1024x769.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"408\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/screenshot-2021-04-29-144853\/\" class=\"wp-image-408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screenshot-2021-04-29-144853-1024x769.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screenshot-2021-04-29-144853-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screenshot-2021-04-29-144853-768x577.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screenshot-2021-04-29-144853-1536x1154.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screenshot-2021-04-29-144853-2048x1539.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screenshot-2021-04-29-144853-1200x902.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screenshot-2021-04-29-144853-1980x1488.png 1980w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure has-margin-left-5 has-margin-left-mobile-5 has-margin-right-5 has-margin-right-mobile-5\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/received_292779525836643-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"191\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/received_292779525836643\/\" class=\"wp-image-191\"\/><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure has-margin-left-5 has-margin-left-mobile-5 has-margin-right-5 has-margin-right-mobile-5\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/received_473364913850767-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"192\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/received_473364913850767\/\" class=\"wp-image-192\"\/><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/div><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption coblocks-gallery--primary-caption\"><span style=\"color:#f4efef\" class=\"has-inline-color\">The leachate sampling well at the landfill. Samples were taken using PFAS-free bailers and bailer cord.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Sampling was performed twice, once in February and once in March. These samples were sent to a laboratory in Rochester, ALS Environmental, for a full PFAS analysis. We found that the levels of PFAS were close to those presented in the literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stage II: Prototyping<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The PFAS level in the landfill leachate could be quantified at a professional laboratory, but sending many samples to the laboratory was not realistic due to cost restraints. To work around this, we found the limits of the analytical methods we had available and designed our experiments around these limits. This includes high-precision liquid chromatography (HPLC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We found the HPLC to have a detection limit in the parts per million range. This meant we could test the effectiveness of the GAC and foam methods using highly concentration PFOA solutions and apply our findings to our treatment of the leachate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-masonry\"><div class=\"coblocks-gallery has-no-alignment has-caption-style-dark has-gutter\"><ul class=\"has-grid-xlrg has-gutter-5 has-gutter-mobile-15\"><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/JPEG-image-2-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"750\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/jpeg-image-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-750\"\/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/JPEG-image-768x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"756\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/jpeg-image-3\/\" class=\"wp-image-756\"\/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><video controls src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/foaming-vid.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Foaming Method<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The foaming method developed by Robey et al. uses an aquarium air stone and air pump to bubble air through the liquid solution<sup>4<\/sup>. Because of the surfactant properties of PFAS, these molecules tend to form foam which may be scooped off the surface to form concentrated waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to analyze our results in the HPLC, we first tried this method using PFOA solution. As seen in the video, the solution didn&#8217;t foam as expected. Some bubbles were scooped off as they formed, but they settled much faster than those formed in the leachate, suggesting this solution is not representative of the leachate, which foams readily. As such, this prototype experiment was not taken any further.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Granular Activated Carbon Treatment<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Activated carbon is a commonly used material for contaminant adsorption. Carbon is activated through oxidation where it is meshed to increase surface area for the adsorption of organic species. We concluded that Filtrasorb400 (F400) would be most suitable for this treatment. Filtrasorb400 was provided by Calgon Carbon <sup>2<\/sup>. Isotherm tests were run to determine feasibility of treatment and a rapid small scale column test (RSSCT) was run to simulate leachate treatment. These two tests were guided by EPA recommendations <sup>3<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/chemix-4-1024x434.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-758\"\/><figcaption>Isotherm Test set-up<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The isotherm test was run with the PFOA prototype solution. The same volume of the PFOA in methanol solution was placed in 5 flasks with varying masses of activated carbon. The flasks were sealed and sampled at different time intervals over a 24 hour period. The samples were tested for PFOA concentration using the HPLC. The results of the isotherm test were used to calculate the adsorption capacity of Filtrasorb 400 activated carbon, with PFOA to be 0.29 g\/L PFOA per g carbon. This helped inform how much carbon to use for future experiments based on the concentration of PFOA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stage III: Leachate Treatment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><video controls src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/IMG_3321.mov\"><\/video><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The video shows the foaming process for the leachate. Air was pumped at a flowrate of 1.5 mL\/min and foam was removed using a scooper until ~75% the original volume remained. These remainders were the first sample sent to the ALS Laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An interesting observation made during the foam process was how solids moved onto the surface, shown below in the image. This is important because treatment of solids was a big unknown in this experiment. If solids containing PFAS may also be removed by this experiment, that would save costs in removing them down the line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Untitled-drawing-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-887\" width=\"636\" height=\"304\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Untitled-drawing-1.png 643w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Untitled-drawing-1-300x144.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 636px) 100vw, 636px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><video controls src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/RSSCT-Video.mp4\"><\/video><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The rapid small scale column test (RSSCT) was carried out by packing a glass column with Filtrasorb 400 activated carbon above a glass wool layer at the bottom, as shown to the right. The leachate was pumped through the column at a rate of 15ml\/min. The tubing was fixed to the top of the column to reduce channeling. The treated leachate was run at 50 degrees Fahrenheit to replicate conditions at the landfill.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Final results from the ALS Laboratory indicated the following overall removal rates, excluding PFOA due to contamination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Untitled.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1654\"\/><figcaption>Comparing efficiencies of the three tested treatment methods<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The total breakdown by PFAS compound is shown in the table below. A dash represents a data point that was not received. This may signify the compound was not detected, which would indicate 100% removal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Overall Treatment Results<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong><em>Compound<\/em><\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong><em>Foam Percent Removal<\/em><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><em>GAC Percent Removal<\/em><\/strong><\/td><td><strong><em>Foam + GAC Percent Removal<\/em><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">FtS 6:2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">86.45%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#f81814\" class=\"has-inline-color\">-96.77%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#f7353c\" class=\"has-inline-color\">-203.23%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">FtS 8:2<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">83.09%<\/span><\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFBS<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">57.69%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">95.00%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">80.00%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFBA<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">90.56%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">75.56%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">38.89%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFDA<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">43.48%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#f7353c\" class=\"has-inline-color\">-682.61%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#f7353c\" class=\"has-inline-color\">-59.42%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFHpA<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">52.31%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">55.38%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">85.85%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFHxS<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">78.43%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">96.67%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">94.12%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFHxA<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">51.72%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">83.79%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">77.59%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFNA<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">87.90%<\/span><\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFOSA<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">85.33%<\/span><\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>&#8211;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFOS<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">82.90%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">90.97%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">86.45%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFOA<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#f7353c\" class=\"has-inline-color\">-1257%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#f7353c\" class=\"has-inline-color\">-13110%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#f7353c\" class=\"has-inline-color\">-1328%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">PFPeA<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">88.18%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">92.45%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">78.18%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N-ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic Acid<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">66.00%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#0df40d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">83.33%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">78.00%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">N-methylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoacetic Acid<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">68.00%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">74.40%<\/span><\/td><td><span style=\"color:#40e90d\" class=\"has-inline-color\">68.80%<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Leachate Treatment Final Results<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For foam treatment, All types of PFAS showed a decrease in concentration except for PFOA, likely due to contamination from the PFOA prototype. Although there were measures taken to minimize contamination, it is likely that the air stone used contained trace amounts of PFOA even after methanol rinsing. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the GAC treatment, there were still PFOA contamination problems, as well as an increase in FtS 6:2 and PFDA. The source of this concentration increase is not currently known. However, certain PFAS that were not significantly removed by foam, such as PFBS for example, were very well treated with GAC. The two treatment methods function differently to remove PFAS and therefore may target different compounds, explaining this difference in removal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Prototype results<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"192\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/chromatogram.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/chromatogram.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/chromatogram-300x75.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption>Chromatogram results used in analysis of two large peaks at approximately 2 and 4 minutes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/linear-1024x633.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-635 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/linear-1024x633.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/linear-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/linear-768x475.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/linear.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>&nbsp;The linear calibration test on the left was conducted by creating PFOA prototype solutions with linearly changing PFOA mass. The linear dependence exhibited by the peak at approximately 2 minutes suggests that it is the PFOA peak in the chromatogram above. The 4 minute peak was later identified as impurities from using reagent-grade methanol as a solvent.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"672\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/isotherm.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-649 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/isotherm.png 672w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/isotherm-300x164.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p>The isotherm test consisted of beakers with varying masses of carbon and 20 g\/L PFOA prototype solution in each. The carbon then adsorbed some of the PFOA and we were able to observe what the peak areas and thus, concentrations, were at certain points over time. The only masses that showed signs of equilibrium by 24 hours were the .5g C and to a lesser extent, the 1 g of C. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>SEM images<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/leachate-sem-1024x832.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1263\"\/><figcaption>SEM image of leachate.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-masonry\"><div class=\"coblocks-gallery has-no-alignment has-caption-style-dark has-gutter\"><ul class=\"has-grid-xlrg has-gutter-15 has-gutter-mobile-15\"><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"832\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-cig-1024x832.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"638\" data-imglink=\"\" class=\"wp-image-638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-cig-1024x832.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-cig-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-cig-768x624.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-cig-1200x975.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-cig.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption\">Cylindrical shaped structure on GAC surface after leachate treatment.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-pyrolysis-1.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"646\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/sem-pyrolysis-1\/\" class=\"wp-image-646\"\/><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption\">Activated carbon fibres after pyrolysis from literature.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The cylindrical shape above on the left was identified as a possible carbon  fiber that wasn&#8217;t fully activated via pyrolysis. Images were compared with those captured by Achaw when studying porosity of activated carbon using SEM to confirm hypothesis <sup>1<\/sup>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-carbon-1024x278.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-carbon-1024x278.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-carbon-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-carbon-768x208.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-carbon-1200x326.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/sem-carbon.png 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>SEM images of activated carbon particles from (A) Clean GAC, (B) GAC used for PFOA treatment (C) GAC used for leachate treatment.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Deterra Bag Treatment: An Alternative Carbon<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/JPEG-image-3-1024x768.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1054\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In the picture above, the left beaker contains leachate treated over the span of three days in the Deterra Bag containing a different type of granulated carbon than used in the RSSCT. The right beaker is leftover untreated leachate. While the team was unable to include this treatment in analysis with ALS laboratories, visually there appears to be a significant coloration change suggesting possible PFAS removal of combined liquids and solids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conclusions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The results from ALS Laboratory prove the effectiveness of both methods in removing many types of PFAS. Depending on the concentration limits decided by the EPA in the upcoming year, these treatments may be required to remove the bulk of PFAS before more intensive treatment to the ppt range. Either process could potentially be implemented at the landfill. The diagram below shows a suggested process layout for the scaled-up foam and GAC method.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-masonry alignwide\"><div class=\"coblocks-gallery has-caption-style-dark has-gutter\"><ul class=\"has-grid-xlrg has-gutter-15 has-gutter-mobile-15\"><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/foam-process-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"711\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/foam-process-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-711\"\/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"coblocks-gallery--figure\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"850\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/GAC-scale-up-configuration-1024x850.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"762\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/gac-scale-up-configuration\/\" class=\"wp-image-762\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/GAC-scale-up-configuration-1024x850.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/GAC-scale-up-configuration-300x249.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/GAC-scale-up-configuration-768x637.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/GAC-scale-up-configuration.png 1164w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The foam method could be readily adapted, only requiring implementation of tanks and a sparge ring to create the foam. Activated carbon is more costly, but offers deeper treatment of the leachate than foam, removing other contaminants in addition to PFAS. We recommend either treatment to the landfill, although further research may be necessary to determine which is best for their specific requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pitfalls and Lessons Learned<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The reactivity of PFOA posed a few problems to the lab team. It dissolved the air stone and reacted with the carbon tape used for observation in the SEM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-offset\"><ul class=\"coblocks-gallery has-no-alignment has-caption-style-dark has-xlrg-images has-medium-gutter\"><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-offset__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/tape-sem-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1256\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/tape-sem\/\" class=\"wp-image-1256\"\/><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption\">PFOA on carbon tape in the SEM.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-offset__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/tape-no-sem-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1257\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/tape-no-sem\/\" class=\"wp-image-1257\"\/><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption\">PFOA reacting and disappearing while in SEM.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-offset__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/chopsticks-2.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1254\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/chopsticks-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-1254\"\/><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption\">Stuck carbon.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"coblocks-gallery--item\"><figure class=\"wp-block-coblocks-gallery-offset__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/airstone-1-768x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1255\" data-imglink=\"\" data-link=\"https:\/\/seniordesign.digitalscholar.rochester.edu\/che2021\/2021\/niffler\/attachment\/airstone-1\/\" class=\"wp-image-1255\"\/><figcaption class=\"coblocks-gallery--caption\">PFOA dissolving our airstone.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The carbon was also very tricky to remove from the column, especially if had been treated recently and still retained moisture. In the images above, a team member tries to remove carbon with chopsticks, a difficult feat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Future Work<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Scale Up<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>We considered it outside our project scope to propose a physical system for implementation at the landfill, but it could be done by applying the methods we studied here to data from the landfill. Considering the variations in flowrate, composition and other factors, this will be a complex problem. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Solid\/Liquid Comparison<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>A question that came up throughout this project was how PFAS partitions itself between the solid and liquid phases of leachate. We were not able to analyze this as part of our project scope, but it would be useful to characterize. The treatment methods here focused mainly on the liquid phase. If the solids contain a high concentration of PFAS, it may be necessary to treat them separately. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acknowledgements<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>We would like to thank the following for their help throughout the semester:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Advisers: Mark Juba, Rachel Monfredo&nbsp;<\/li><li>Project Sponsors: David Cross, Nicole Simonetti<\/li><li>Sampling: Brian J. McGrath<\/li><li>TA John Lovito<\/li><li>Professor Melodie Lawton<\/li><li>Clair Cunningham<\/li><li>Calgon Carbon<\/li><li>ALS laboratories<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Achaw, Osei-Wusu. \u201c<em>Scanning Electron Microscopy -A study of the Porosity of Activated Carbons Using the Scanning Electron Microscope<\/em>\u201d.2012. DOI:10.5772\/36337<\/li><li>Calgon Carbon, \u201c\u201dRSSCT Summary Report: Removal of Short Chain PFAS Compounds via GAC (n.d:.) Retrieved 29 April 2021 from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.calgoncarbon.com\/pfas-industrial-remediation\/\">https:\/\/www.calgoncarbon.com\/pfas-industrial-remediation\/<\/a><\/li><li>US EPA, OA. \u201cBasic Information on PFAS.\u201d <em>US EPA<\/em>, 30 Mar. 2016,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pfas\/basic-information-pfas\"> https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pfas\/basic-information-pfas<\/a>.<\/li><li>Robey, Nicole M., et al. \u201cConcentrating Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Using Foam Separation.\u201d Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 54, no. 19, American Chemical Society, 2020, pp. 12550\u201359. Engineering Village, doi:10.1021\/acs.est.0c01266.<\/li><li><em>Potential Health Effects of PFAS Chemicals | ATSDR<\/em>. 24 June 2020,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/health-effects\/index.html\"> https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/pfas\/health-effects\/index.html<\/a>.<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This project, sponsored by Waste Management, is interested in comparing two methods for the removal of PFAS from landfill leachate, foam separation and activated carbon adsorption.<br \/>\nJustin King, Ashley Sibanda, Claire Wilson<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6242,"featured_media":42132,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[76,2956,3016],"tags":[6122,6132,6142,6152,6162,6172,6182,5932],"coauthors":[8612],"class_list":["post-74","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-che-archive","category-energy-environmental-archive","category-global-health-archive","tag-activated-carbon","tag-environmental","tag-epa","tag-foam-separation","tag-forever-chemicals","tag-leachate","tag-pfas","tag-wastewater"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Separating PFAS from Landfill Wastewater - Senior Design Day<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/niffler\/\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hajim.rochester.edu\/senior-design-day\/niffler\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Separating PFAS from Landfill Wastewater - Senior Design Day\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This project, sponsored by Waste Management, is interested in comparing two methods for the removal of PFAS from landfill leachate, foam separation and activated carbon adsorption. 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